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Cadmium has no known function in higher organisms, which have evolved in an essentially cadmium-free environment until the last several hundred years of industrial activity. Thus, cadmium’s interactions with biological molecules are generally fortuitous and determined by its inorganic chemistry. In biological systems, it exists exclusively in the Cd2+ state as the only ionized form, and it is somewhat unique in showing properties both of a Ca2+ mimic (by virtue of its ionic radius) and of a “soft” sulfur-binding ion (with polarizable d electrons). We review here the interactions of Cd2+ with cellular signaling systems; these are broad and non-specific, and result in interactions with both Ca2+ signaling and thiol-dependent redox systems, sometimes with ambiguous consequences. The chapter focuses on interactions more than consequences, as the latter are often very complex in origin, but can sometimes be simplified by collecting some of the interactions that have been observed. We discuss some of the general effects of Cd2+ on cellular Ca2+ levels, with signaling implications, and also some of the major interactions of Cd2+ with Ca2+ binding sites in proteins. A good part of our discussion is of effects of Cd2+ on signaling pathways through kinase activation, phosphatase inhibition, modulation of second messengers, and effects on levels of growth factors and transcription factors. It will be seen that there is a lot of empirical data here that are only partially understood on the basis of Cd2+ chemistry. Cadmium regulation of thiol-dependent redox chemistry is also discussed, and some new directions in redox sensing are suggested.
Douglas M. Templeton; Ying Liu. Interactions of Cadmium with Signaling Molecules. Cadmium Interaction with Animal Cells 2018, 53 -81.
AMA StyleDouglas M. Templeton, Ying Liu. Interactions of Cadmium with Signaling Molecules. Cadmium Interaction with Animal Cells. 2018; ():53-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDouglas M. Templeton; Ying Liu. 2018. "Interactions of Cadmium with Signaling Molecules." Cadmium Interaction with Animal Cells , no. : 53-81.
Cadmium is a toxic metal that produces oxidative stress and has been shown to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton in rat renal mesangial cells (RMC). In a survey of proteins that might undergo Cd2+-dependent disulfide crosslinking, we identified the adenylyl cyclase-associated protein, CAP1, as undergoing a dimerization in response to Cd2+ (5–40 µM) that was sensitive to disulfide reducing agents, was reproduced by the disulfide crosslinking agent diamide, and was shown by site-directed mutagenesis to involve the Cys29 residue of the protein. Reactive oxygen species are not involved in the thiol oxidation, and glutathione modulates background levels of dimer. CAP1 is known to enhance cofilin’s F-actin severing activity through binding to F-actin and cofilin. F-actin sedimentation and GST-cofilin pulldown studies of CAP1 demonstrated enrichment of the CAP1 dimer’s association with cofilin, and in the cofilin–F-actin pellet, suggesting that Cd2+-induced dimer increases the formation of a CAP1–cofilin–F-actin complex. Both siRNA-based silencing of CAP1 and overexpression of a CAP1 mutant lacking Cys29 (and therefore, incapable of dimerization in response to Cd2+) increased RMC viability and provided some protection of F-actin structures against Cd2+. It is concluded that Cd2+ brings about disruption of the RMC cytoskeleton in part through formation of a CAP1 dimer that increases recruitment of cofilin to F-actin filaments.
Ying Liu; Weiqun Xiao; Manasi Shinde; Jeffrey Field; Douglas M. Templeton. Cadmium favors F-actin depolymerization in rat renal mesangial cells by site-specific, disulfide-based dimerization of the CAP1 protein. Archives of Toxicology 2017, 92, 1049 -1064.
AMA StyleYing Liu, Weiqun Xiao, Manasi Shinde, Jeffrey Field, Douglas M. Templeton. Cadmium favors F-actin depolymerization in rat renal mesangial cells by site-specific, disulfide-based dimerization of the CAP1 protein. Archives of Toxicology. 2017; 92 (3):1049-1064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing Liu; Weiqun Xiao; Manasi Shinde; Jeffrey Field; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Cadmium favors F-actin depolymerization in rat renal mesangial cells by site-specific, disulfide-based dimerization of the CAP1 protein." Archives of Toxicology 92, no. 3: 1049-1064.
Cadmium damages renal cells, and in particular may cause mesangial cell death by necrosis or apoptosis, depending on exposure conditions in cultured cells. However, there is an uncertainty as to whether Cd2+-induced autophagy can protect mesangial cells against these other mechanisms of cell death. We have used autophagy-incompetent mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells lacking the Atg16 gene, as well as cultured rat mesangial cells (RMC) in which Atg16 has been silenced, to examine this issue. Measuring the processing of LC3-I to LC3-II and expression of sequestosome-1 (p62), we define conditions under which RMC can be induced to undergo autophagy in response to 0–20 µM CdCl2. Similarly, Cd2+ can initiate autophagy in MEF cells. However, when autophagy is compromised, either by gene knockout in MEF cells or by RNA silencing in RMC, cell viability is decreased, and concomitantly a Cd2+ dose-dependent increase in pro-caspase-3 cleavage indicates the initiation of apoptotic cell death. In contrast to some previous reports, Cd2+-induced autophagy is not correlated with increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species but, among a panel of kinases investigated, is suppressed by inhibition of the Jun kinase. We conclude that concentrations of Cd2+ that initiate autophagy may afford renal mesangial cells some degree of protection against other modes (apoptosis, necrosis) of cell death.
Hitomi Fujishiro; Ying Liu; Bilal Ahmadi; Douglas M. Templeton. Protective effect of cadmium-induced autophagy in rat renal mesangial cells. Archives of Toxicology 2017, 92, 619 -631.
AMA StyleHitomi Fujishiro, Ying Liu, Bilal Ahmadi, Douglas M. Templeton. Protective effect of cadmium-induced autophagy in rat renal mesangial cells. Archives of Toxicology. 2017; 92 (2):619-631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHitomi Fujishiro; Ying Liu; Bilal Ahmadi; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Protective effect of cadmium-induced autophagy in rat renal mesangial cells." Archives of Toxicology 92, no. 2: 619-631.
Douglas Templeton; Hitomi Fujishiro. Terminology of elemental speciation – An IUPAC perspective. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2017, 352, 424 -431.
AMA StyleDouglas Templeton, Hitomi Fujishiro. Terminology of elemental speciation – An IUPAC perspective. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2017; 352 ():424-431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDouglas Templeton; Hitomi Fujishiro. 2017. "Terminology of elemental speciation – An IUPAC perspective." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 352, no. : 424-431.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Inbred Strain. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Inbred Strain. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Inbred Strain." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH, GRH). IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH, GRH). IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH, GRH)." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Estriol. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Estriol. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Estriol." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Pulmonary. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Pulmonary. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Pulmonary." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Surfactant, Pulmonary. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Surfactant, Pulmonary. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Surfactant, Pulmonary." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assay. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assay. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assay." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Umbilical Cord. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Umbilical Cord. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Umbilical Cord." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Thoracic Duct. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Thoracic Duct. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Thoracic Duct." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Oligodactyly. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Oligodactyly. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Oligodactyly." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Index, Male Fertility. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Index, Male Fertility. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Index, Male Fertility." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Pharyngeal Groove. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Pharyngeal Groove. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Pharyngeal Groove." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Aneuploidy. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Aneuploidy. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Aneuploidy." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Androgen Receptor (AR). IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Androgen Receptor (AR). IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Androgen Receptor (AR)." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Tonsil. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Tonsil. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Tonsil." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Thalidomide. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Thalidomide. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Thalidomide." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.
The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
John H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. Chorioretinitis. IUPAC Standards Online 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJohn H. Duffus, Michael Schwenk, Douglas M. Templeton. Chorioretinitis. IUPAC Standards Online. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn H. Duffus; Michael Schwenk; Douglas M. Templeton. 2017. "Chorioretinitis." IUPAC Standards Online , no. : 1.