In Mexico, bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) are produced as gourmet food. However, bullfrogs can be carriers of pathogens because the frogs' preferred living conditions occur in stagnant water. The present study aimed to identify bacteria that cause foodborne diseases or are associated with human diseases. For molecular identification, based on the sequential analysis by 16S rRNA or rpoD was conducted on all isolates obtained from bullfrog. A total of 91 bacterial isolates were obtained from bullfrogs; 14 genera and 23 species were identified, including Acinetobacter johnsonii 16.5%; Aeromonas media 14.3%; Aeromonas veronii 13.2%; Providencia rettgeri 7.7%; Citrobacter freundii 6.6%; Aeromonas caviae 4.4%; Aeromonas hydrophila and Elizabethkingia ursingii 3.3%; Pseudomonas stutzeri, Raoultella ornithinolytica, and Shewanella putrefaciens 2.2%; Acinetobacter guillouiae, Acinetobacter pseudolwoffii, Citrobacter portucalensis, Citrobacter werkmanii, Edwardsiella anguillarum, Klebsiella michiganensis, Kluyvera intermedia, Kocuria rosea, Myroides odoratimimus, Myroides odoratus, Proteus sp., and Proteus hauseri 1.1%. In this study, 49.4% of the isolates obtained cause foodborne disease, 19.8% are bacteria that play an important role in the spoilage of food, 5.5% of isolates have nosocomial significance, 13.2% of bacteria are considered to be pollutants of the ecosystem, and in the case of A. salmonicida and Edwardsiella anguillarum (12.1%) to have a negative impact on aquaculture. Acinetobacter pseudolwoffii and Citrobacter portucalensis have not been reported to cause disease. Lastly of these isolates, 97.8% (89/91) can cause disease by food consumption or by direct contact for immunocompromised persons. The presence of these bacteria in bullfrogs represents a significant problem for human health. There is evidence that these microorganisms are pathogenic and frogs may also be reservoirs.

A fast and simple screening method for the determination of clenbuterol at the ppb level in a murine model was demonstrated by Mid Infrared (MIR) and Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate analysis. In order to build the calibration models to quantify clenbuterol in rat meat, mixtures of rat meat and clenbuterol were prepared in a range of 5–10000 ppb. Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis was used to build the calibration model. The results shown that Mid Infrared and Raman spectroscopy were efficient, but Mid Infrared (R² = 0.966 and SEC = 0.27) were superior to Raman (R² = 0.914 and SEC = 1.167). The SIMCA model developed showed 100% classification rate of rat meat samples with or without clenbuterol. The results were confirmed with contaminated meat samples from animals treated with clenbuterol. Chemometric models represent an attractive option for meat quality screening without sample pretreatments which can identify veterinary medicinal products at the ppb level.

Tilapia has a high socioeconomic value in many countries worldwide. However, it has been identified as a zoonotic parasite reservoir. A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were carried out in order to estimate the global prevalence of zoonotic parasites that affect tilapia. The search was performed by three field experts to avoid reviewer bias. Polled prevalence was estimated using a logistic-normal random-effect regression model in the R software. We dealt with the heterogeneity among studies through subgroup analysis, taking into account the continent, country, genus of the host, parasite taxonomic group, sample origin, and type of diagnostic test as moderator variables. Fifty-two eligible articles were identified covering five tilapia genera with a pooled prevalence of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.10–0.20) showed significant heterogeneity (I² = 98.4; p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis revealed that the most affected host was Sarotherodon, with a prevalence of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.22–0.65). Cestode was the taxonomic group with the largest prevalence (0.40; 95% CI:0.32–0.48), followed by amoeba (0.24; 95% CI: 0.16–0.35) and nematode (0.22; 95% CI: 0.11–0.38), among which, Schyzocotyle spp., Opistorchis spp., Gnathostoma spp. and Vermamoeba spp. have an impact on public health. Significant differences (p < 0.004) were found among continents and countries, with the highest value of prevalence detected in the African continent (0.28; 95% CI: 0.20–0.37), specifically in Tanzania (0.56; 95% CI: 0.22–0.87) and Egypt (0.43; 95% CI: 0.20–0.55). The origin of samples had a significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the detected prevalence, especially from those that showed the highest prevalence (0.24; 95% CI: 0.17–0.33). Finally, there were no differences in prevalence according to the diagnostic test (p = 0.97). Our results provide useful information on the development of epidemiological programs for the control of zoonoses associated with parasites in tilapia and in the design, planning, and implementation of future research.

Parasitosis | México | Rheumatoid-Arthritis | Ankylosing Spondylitis