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Khalid A. Alluhaybi
Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia

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Journal article
Published: 04 August 2021 in Vaccines
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The urgent need for effective, safe and equitably accessible vaccines to tackle the ongoing spread of COVID-19 led researchers to generate vaccine candidates targeting varieties of immunogens of SARS-CoV-2. Because of its crucial role in mediating binding and entry to host cell and its proven safety profile, the subunit 1 (S1) of the spike protein represents an attractive immunogen for vaccine development. Here, we developed and assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S1. Following in vitro confirmation and characterization, the humoral and cellular immune responses of our vaccine candidate (pVAX-S1) was evaluated in BALB/c mice using two different doses, 25 µg and 50 µg. Our data showed high levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with three doses of pVAX-S1. Analysis of the induced IgG subclasses showed a Th1-polarized immune response, as demonstrated by the significant elevation of spike-specific IgG2a and IgG2b, compared to IgG1. Furthermore, we found that the immunization of mice with three doses of 50 µg of pVAX-S1 could elicit significant memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Taken together, our data indicate that pVAX-S1 is immunogenic and safe in mice and is worthy of further preclinical and clinical evaluation.

ACS Style

Khalid Alluhaybi; Rahaf Alharbi; Rowa Alhabbab; Najwa Aljehani; Sawsan Alamri; Mohammad Basabrain; Rehaf Alharbi; Wesam Abdulaal; Mohamed Alfaleh; Levi Tamming; Wanyue Zhang; Mazen Hassanain; Abdullah Algaissi; Adel Abuzenadah; Xuguang Li; Anwar Hashem. Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity of a Candidate DNA Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Subunit 1. Vaccines 2021, 9, 852 .

AMA Style

Khalid Alluhaybi, Rahaf Alharbi, Rowa Alhabbab, Najwa Aljehani, Sawsan Alamri, Mohammad Basabrain, Rehaf Alharbi, Wesam Abdulaal, Mohamed Alfaleh, Levi Tamming, Wanyue Zhang, Mazen Hassanain, Abdullah Algaissi, Adel Abuzenadah, Xuguang Li, Anwar Hashem. Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity of a Candidate DNA Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Subunit 1. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (8):852.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khalid Alluhaybi; Rahaf Alharbi; Rowa Alhabbab; Najwa Aljehani; Sawsan Alamri; Mohammad Basabrain; Rehaf Alharbi; Wesam Abdulaal; Mohamed Alfaleh; Levi Tamming; Wanyue Zhang; Mazen Hassanain; Abdullah Algaissi; Adel Abuzenadah; Xuguang Li; Anwar Hashem. 2021. "Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity of a Candidate DNA Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Subunit 1." Vaccines 9, no. 8: 852.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2020 in Viruses
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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to spread globally with significantly high morbidity and mortality rates. Antigen-specific responses are of unquestionable value for clinical management of COVID-19 patients. Here, we investigated the kinetics of IgM, IgG against the spike (S) and nucleoproteins (N) proteins and their neutralizing capabilities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with different disease presentations (i.e., mild, moderate or severe), need for intensive care units (ICU) admission or outcomes (i.e., survival vs death). We show that SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, IgM and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were readily detectable in almost all COVID-19 patients with various clinical presentations. Interestingly, significantly higher levels of nAbs as well as anti-S1 and -N IgG and IgM antibodies were found in patients with more severe symptoms, patients requiring admission to ICU or those with fatal outcomes. More importantly, early after symptoms onset, we found that the levels of anti-N antibodies correlated strongly with disease severity. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the kinetics of antibody responses in COVID-19 patients with different disease severity.

ACS Style

Anwar M. Hashem; Abdullah Algaissi; Sarah A. Almahboub; Mohamed A. Alfaleh; Turki S. Abujamel; Sawsan S. Alamri; Khalid A. Alluhaybi; Haya I. Hobani; Rahaf H. AlHarbi; Reem M. Alsulaiman; M-Zaki ElAssouli; Sharif Hala; Naif K. Alharbi; Rowa Y. Alhabbab; Ahdab A. AlSaieedi; Wesam H. Abdulaal; Abdullah Bukhari; Afrah A. Al-Somali; Fadwa S. Alofi; Asim A. Khogeer; Arnab Pain; Almohanad A. Alkayyal; Naif A. M. Almontashiri; Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud; Xuguang Li. Early Humoral Response Correlates with Disease Severity and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2020, 12, 1390 .

AMA Style

Anwar M. Hashem, Abdullah Algaissi, Sarah A. Almahboub, Mohamed A. Alfaleh, Turki S. Abujamel, Sawsan S. Alamri, Khalid A. Alluhaybi, Haya I. Hobani, Rahaf H. AlHarbi, Reem M. Alsulaiman, M-Zaki ElAssouli, Sharif Hala, Naif K. Alharbi, Rowa Y. Alhabbab, Ahdab A. AlSaieedi, Wesam H. Abdulaal, Abdullah Bukhari, Afrah A. Al-Somali, Fadwa S. Alofi, Asim A. Khogeer, Arnab Pain, Almohanad A. Alkayyal, Naif A. M. Almontashiri, Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, Xuguang Li. Early Humoral Response Correlates with Disease Severity and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2020; 12 (12):1390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar M. Hashem; Abdullah Algaissi; Sarah A. Almahboub; Mohamed A. Alfaleh; Turki S. Abujamel; Sawsan S. Alamri; Khalid A. Alluhaybi; Haya I. Hobani; Rahaf H. AlHarbi; Reem M. Alsulaiman; M-Zaki ElAssouli; Sharif Hala; Naif K. Alharbi; Rowa Y. Alhabbab; Ahdab A. AlSaieedi; Wesam H. Abdulaal; Abdullah Bukhari; Afrah A. Al-Somali; Fadwa S. Alofi; Asim A. Khogeer; Arnab Pain; Almohanad A. Alkayyal; Naif A. M. Almontashiri; Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud; Xuguang Li. 2020. "Early Humoral Response Correlates with Disease Severity and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients." Viruses 12, no. 12: 1390.

Other
Published: 23 September 2020
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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, continues to spread globally with significantly high morbidity and mortality rates. Immunological surrogate markers, in particular antigen-specific responses, are of unquestionable value for clinical management of patients with COVID-19. Here, we investigated the kinetics of IgM, IgG against the spike (S) and nucleoproteins (N) proteins and their neutralizing capabilities in hospitalized patients with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection. Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, IgM and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were readily detectable in almost all COVID-19 patients with various clinical presentations. Notably, anti-S and -N IgG, peaked 20-40 day after disease onset, and were still detectable for at least up to 70 days, with nAbs observed during the same time period. Moreover, nAbs titers were strongly correlated with IgG antibodies. Significantly higher levels of nAbs as well as anti-S1 and N IgG and IgM antibodies were found in patients with more severe clinical presentations, patients requiring admission to intensive care units (ICU) or those with fatal outcomes. Interestingly, lower levels of antibodies, particularly anti-N IgG and IgM in the first 15 days after symptoms onset, were found in survivors and those with mild clinical presentations. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the characteristics and kinetics of antibody responses in COVID-19 patients with different disease severity.

ACS Style

Anwar M Hashem; Abdullah Algaissi; Sarah A Almahboub; Mohamed A Alfaleh; Turki S Abujamel; Sawsan S Alamri; Khalid A Alluhaybi; Haya I Hobani; Rahaf H AlHarbi; Reem M Alsulaiman; M-Zaki ElAssouli; Sharif Hala; Naif K Alharbi; Rowa Y Alhabbab; Ahdab A AlSaieedi; Wesam H Abdulaal; Abdullah Bukhari; Afrah A Al-Somali; Fadwa S Alofi; Asim A Khogeer; Arnab Pain; Almohanad A Alkayyal; Naif Am Almontashiri; Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud; Xuguang Li. Early Humoral Response Correlates with Disease Severity and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Anwar M Hashem, Abdullah Algaissi, Sarah A Almahboub, Mohamed A Alfaleh, Turki S Abujamel, Sawsan S Alamri, Khalid A Alluhaybi, Haya I Hobani, Rahaf H AlHarbi, Reem M Alsulaiman, M-Zaki ElAssouli, Sharif Hala, Naif K Alharbi, Rowa Y Alhabbab, Ahdab A AlSaieedi, Wesam H Abdulaal, Abdullah Bukhari, Afrah A Al-Somali, Fadwa S Alofi, Asim A Khogeer, Arnab Pain, Almohanad A Alkayyal, Naif Am Almontashiri, Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, Xuguang Li. Early Humoral Response Correlates with Disease Severity and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar M Hashem; Abdullah Algaissi; Sarah A Almahboub; Mohamed A Alfaleh; Turki S Abujamel; Sawsan S Alamri; Khalid A Alluhaybi; Haya I Hobani; Rahaf H AlHarbi; Reem M Alsulaiman; M-Zaki ElAssouli; Sharif Hala; Naif K Alharbi; Rowa Y Alhabbab; Ahdab A AlSaieedi; Wesam H Abdulaal; Abdullah Bukhari; Afrah A Al-Somali; Fadwa S Alofi; Asim A Khogeer; Arnab Pain; Almohanad A Alkayyal; Naif Am Almontashiri; Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud; Xuguang Li. 2020. "Early Humoral Response Correlates with Disease Severity and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 02 July 2020
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As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, continues to spread rapidly around the world, there is a need for well validated serological assays that allow the detection of viral specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients or recovered individuals. In this study, we established and used multiple indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-based serological assays to study the antibody response in COVID-19 patients. In order to validate the assays we determined the cut off values, sensitivity and specificity of the assays using sera collected from pre-pandemic healthy controls, COVID-19 patients at different time points after disease-onset, and seropositive sera to other human coronaviruses. The developed SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (N)-based ELISAs not only showed high specificity and sensitivity but also did not show any cross-reactivity with other CoVs. We also show that all RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients tested in our study developed both virus specific IgM and IgG antibodies as early as week one after disease onset. Our data also suggest that the inclusion of both S1 and N in serological testing would capture as many potential SARS-CoV-2 positive cases as possible than using any of them alone. This is specifically important for tracing contacts and cases and conducting large-scale epidemiological studies to understand the true extent of virus spread in populations.

ACS Style

Abdullah Algaissi; Mohamed A. AlFaleh; Sherif Hala; Turki S. Abujamel; Sawsan S. Alamri; Sarah A Almahboub; Khalid A. Alluhaybi; Haya I. Hobani; Reem M. Alsulaiman; Rahaf H. Alharbi; M-Zaki El-Assouli; Rowa Y Alhabbab; Ahdab A. AlSaieedi; Wesam H. Abdulaal; Afrah A. Al-Somali; Fadwa S. Alofi; Asim A. Khogeer; Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud; Almohanad A Alkayyal; Naif A.M. Almontashiri; Arnab Pain; Anwar M. Hashem. SARS-CoV-2 S1 and N-Based Serological Assays Reveal Rapid Seroconversion and Induction of Specific Antibody Response in COVID-19 Patients. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Abdullah Algaissi, Mohamed A. AlFaleh, Sherif Hala, Turki S. Abujamel, Sawsan S. Alamri, Sarah A Almahboub, Khalid A. Alluhaybi, Haya I. Hobani, Reem M. Alsulaiman, Rahaf H. Alharbi, M-Zaki El-Assouli, Rowa Y Alhabbab, Ahdab A. AlSaieedi, Wesam H. Abdulaal, Afrah A. Al-Somali, Fadwa S. Alofi, Asim A. Khogeer, Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, Almohanad A Alkayyal, Naif A.M. Almontashiri, Arnab Pain, Anwar M. Hashem. SARS-CoV-2 S1 and N-Based Serological Assays Reveal Rapid Seroconversion and Induction of Specific Antibody Response in COVID-19 Patients. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah Algaissi; Mohamed A. AlFaleh; Sherif Hala; Turki S. Abujamel; Sawsan S. Alamri; Sarah A Almahboub; Khalid A. Alluhaybi; Haya I. Hobani; Reem M. Alsulaiman; Rahaf H. Alharbi; M-Zaki El-Assouli; Rowa Y Alhabbab; Ahdab A. AlSaieedi; Wesam H. Abdulaal; Afrah A. Al-Somali; Fadwa S. Alofi; Asim A. Khogeer; Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud; Almohanad A Alkayyal; Naif A.M. Almontashiri; Arnab Pain; Anwar M. Hashem. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 S1 and N-Based Serological Assays Reveal Rapid Seroconversion and Induction of Specific Antibody Response in COVID-19 Patients." , no. : 1.