Bioactive restorative materials are crucial for promoting remineralization and protecting dental tissues through ion release. This study examines how pH and temperature influence the short- and long-term ion (F⁻, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, OH⁻, Si, and PO₄³⁻) release from seven commercial materials: Cention Forte Filling Material, Cention Primer, Stela Self Cure, Riva Light Cure HV, Riva Self Cure, Equia Forte HT Fil, and Fuji IX GP Fast. Disks were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions; immersed in buffer solutions at pH 4.8, 6.8, and 8.8; and stored at 37 °C and 44 °C. Ion release was measured after 1, 7, and 28 days using ion chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results revealed that ion release was significantly affected by pH, temperature, and exposure time. The highest fluoride (40.14 ± 0.32 mg/L) and calcium (74.23 ± 0.37 mg/L) releases were observed in Riva Light Cure at pH 4.8 and 44 °C after 28 days, with the highest strontium release (5.87 ± 0.06 mg/L) occurring under the same conditions. In contrast, silicon release peaked in Cention Forte Filling (31.72 ± 0.68 mg/L) at pH 4.8 and 37 °C. These findings highlight the impact of environmental factors on material performance, assisting clinicians in selecting optimal restorative materials for long-term dental health.

Bioactive restorative materials are crucial for promoting remineralization and protecting dental tissues through ion release. This study examines how pH and temperature influence the short- and long-term ion (F−, Ca2+, Sr2+, OH-, Si and PO43-) release from seven commercial materials: Cention Forte Filling Material, Cention Primer, Stela Self Cure, Riva Light Cure HV, Riva Self Cure, Equia Forte HT Fil, and Fuji IX GP Fast. Disks were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions, immersed in buffer solutions at pH 4.8, 6.8, and 8.8, and stored at 37°C and 44°C. Ion release was measured after 1-, 7- and 28-days using ion chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results revealed that ion release was significantly affected by pH, temperature, and exposure time. The highest fluoride (40.14 ± 0.32 mg/L) and calcium (74.23 ± 0.37 mg/L) releases were observed in Riva Light Cure at pH 4.8 and 44°C after 28 days, with the highest strontium release (5.87 ± 0.06 mg/L) occurring under the same conditions. In contrast, silicon release peaked in Cention Forte Filling (31.72 ± 0.68 mg/L) at pH 4.8 and 37°C. These findings highlight the impact of environmental factors on material performance, assisting clinicians in selecting optimal restorative materials for long-term dental health.

Receptor-based bioassays measure mixture activity whose relationship with human physiology requires empirical assessment. We examined plasma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-like aryl hydrocarbon receptor bioactivity in the selected cross-sectional SPES biomonitoring substudy in Campania, Italy. Out of 598 assay records, 591 had quantified PAH-CALUX results and 7 were below individual limits of quantification (LOQs). Primary models related log2 lipid-normalised benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent bioactivity to homocysteine and recorded seated systolic blood pressure (SBP), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking, and sampling cluster fixed effects, with municipality-clustered inference. Holm correction covered the two primary tests; Benjamini–Hochberg correction covered two secondary families. Participants comprised 295 women and 296 men aged 20–50 years from 63 municipalities. Per exposure doubling, homocysteine differed by −0.12% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.76% to 0.52%; Holm-adjusted p = 0.699) and SBP by −0.37 mmHg (95% CI, −0.80 to 0.06; Holm-adjusted p = 0.183). None of the eighteen secondary outcomes met the within-family false discovery rate threshold. Additional post hoc Akins lipid normalisation and three below-LOQ substitution analyses yielded similar interpretations. These findings describe small estimated contemporaneous associations in a selected population. Uncertainty remains concerning cumulative exposure, temporal variability, and generalisability; equivalence and environmental safety cannot be inferred.

The relationships between circulating trace elements and routinely measured renal, hepatic, and electrolyte biomarkers remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a secondary cross-sectional analysis of 19 serum elements and concurrent biochemistry in 4137 adults from the Exposure Study on Susceptible People (SPES), Campania, Italy. Creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase, and potassium were primary outcomes; additional renal, hepatic, mineral, and protein-related measurements were secondary or exploratory. Associations were estimated with covariate adjustment, multiple imputation, and within-family false-discovery-rate control. Per doubling of concentration, lithium was associated with 0.54% higher creatinine (95% confidence interval, 0.22–0.86%). Antimony associations with ALT and potassium were sensitive to the handling of below-quantification concentrations and were not established among directly quantified measurements. Secondary and exploratory findings included higher bilirubin with iron and lower bilirubin with copper; higher ferritin with iron and lower ferritin with cobalt; higher uric acid with strontium, selenium, lithium, and arsenic; and higher albumin, total protein, and total calcium with selenium. Additional albumin adjustment approximately halved the selenium coefficients for total calcium and total protein. The primary associations were small, and their biological and clinical relevance remains uncertain. These cross-sectional findings identify hypotheses concerning renal handling, iron status, and overlapping protein-associated biochemistry.

Plasma bioassays provide functional measures of environmental mixtures whose relationship with clinical biochemistry warrants investigation. We examined dioxin-responsive chemically activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX) bioactivity in the 600-participant intensive-biomonitoring subgroup of SPES in Campania, Italy. Quantifiable bioactivity was available for 594 participants, of whom 592 entered the principal analyses. Mixed models assessed the lipid-standardised DR-CALUX index in relation to two primary thyroid outcomes, nine secondary outcomes, and an exploratory panel of 54 clinical markers. Per index doubling, thyroid-stimulating hormone differed by −7.23% (95% CI −14.96 to 1.21; Holm-adjusted p = 0.182), and free thyroxine differed by −0.0047 ng/dL (−0.0233 to 0.0139; adjusted p = 0.621). Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities were lower by 9.33% (−14.22 to −4.17) and 8.01% (−12.31 to −3.50), respectively; both met the hepatic-family Benjamini–Hochberg criterion. Inverse estimates persisted with separate lipid adjustment and attenuated but remained inverse after restriction using common laboratory-report upper thresholds for both aminotransferases. All 54 global Benjamini–Yekutieli-adjusted p values exceeded 0.05; only the aminotransferases met the Benjamini–Hochberg comparison. These secondary aminotransferase associations merit further investigation of their biological basis and clinical significance. The primary thyroid findings remain inconclusive.