The main objective of this study is to propose a developed model of entrepreneurial marketing behaviors for sustainable micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Thailand. This study aims to contribute to the existing literature on sustainable business practices and entrepreneurial marketing behaviors after a disaster by providing a framework that can be used for future research in this area, particularly after economic turbulence. The research method used in this study is quantitative. The study was conducted in Bangkok, Thailand. Primary data were collected from respondents via a questionnaire using a non-probability sampling approach (purposive sampling). A total of 511 out of 600 issued online and paper surveys were successfully returned, constituting an 85% response rate. The primary data were acquired from first-hand sources of Thai MSMEs’ business owners and managers. The hypothesis testing of this study proves that entrepreneurial marketing behaviors could influence business rebound during the COVID period. The study also concludes that business resilience practices mediate or carry the influence of entrepreneurial marketing behaviors on the business rebound.

Purpose: Officially published on October 11th, 2021, Thailand government under Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) expanded the areas for MICE ((Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions Cities) cities development nationwide and took pride in its inclusive initiative in developing the lower-tier cities, regardless of the uncertain pandemic. Based on the report by TCEB Annual Report (2021), the 13 primary MICE to be developed under “MICE City Initiative'' include the tier-one, tier-two and tier-three cities. This research aims to explore Thailand’s lower tier cities’ MICE attributes (the lower tier cities under MICE development) as to underpin an informed data for all scholars, MICE professionals and government Theoretical framework: This research recommends the development of dynamic and internal capabilities over their implications on MICE and destination level attributes Design/methodology/approach: By enabling the importance-performance (IP) analysis, and with 435 volunteers from the scholars and professionals in tourism, hospitality, MICE, travel businesses, this research has been able to serve the novelty within the study of lower-tier city development and capabilities. Findings: The finding of this study highlights (i) the first underpinning of the MICE capabilities analysis from the context of Thailand’s lower-tier cities - the research area that is oftentimes overlooked and consequently lacking; (ii) the overarching exploration on MICE attributes; (iii) the responsive and in-depth informed-research for the development of the lower-cities in Thailand; (iv) the offer of fresh MICE capabilities benchmarks for other ASEAN regions. In specific, the study discovered two significant concerns in the current MICE business in Thailand’s lower-tier cities; (i) the expected service standards in MICE facilities are still underperformed; (ii) whilst, the friendliness of tourism destinations is overperformed, hence, overkilled the importance. Research, Practical & Social implications: This research would serve a wide variety of travel and tourism and MICE professionals as well as scholars. Specifically for destination management; this research would navigate clear guidance for the holistic development of lower-tier cities in Thailand, and as a benchmark for other emerging countries. Originality/value: This study takes a huge pride towards novel scholarship contribution of MICE business capabilities in the emerging economies. This research is able to further the application of previous research by J. Whitfield, et al. (2014) on MICE attributes, and the theories of dynamic and internal capabilities – while at the same time, offer benchmarks for other ASEAN’s MICE destination development.

Energy efficiency has long been an important issue to the global economic and political theaters; however, searching for an effective and concise measure for efficiency remains a contentious and intriguing topic. There are two obvious flaws with the commonly used metrics in existing literature. First, there is a sense of confusion and misunderstanding between the definitions of energy efficiency and efficacy. As a result, the formulae and methods for measuring efficiency are often the subject of criticism. Second, even if the definition of efficiency is clear, the method of estimation can be quite cumbersome, making it difficult to comprehend or implement. This study attempts to address these two issues. With an OECD comparative dataset, it first presents the contradiction between efficiency and efficacy, explains the loss of effectiveness with the existing measurements, and then proposes a new and easy-to-use method for gauging energy efficiency, so that the succinctness and robustness of the measurement can be re-established. The paper serves as a guide to those who are interested in the controversial issues related to measuring energy efficiency. Both practitioners and policy makers will find an easy and reliable tool from this paper for measuring energy efficiency.