It is most important to reach the maximum bone density in the childhood period to prevent developing osteoporosis; it is widely known that increased body weight has a positive correlation with bone density and that even though both the fat mass and lean mass have a significant impact on bone density, the latter mass has more importance for adults. Therefore, the study analyzed to identify the relationship between bone density and both fat mass and lean mass of Korean adolescents. Subjects were chosen among 21,303 people from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) between 2008 and 2011 that took a bone density checkup; as a result, 1454 teenagers aged between 12 and 18 were selected. Data analysis was performed in SAS ver. 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) following the KNHNES and the weighted complex sample analysis was conducted; body fat mass and lean mass were divided into quintile groups, and to figure out the differences in bone density that were analyzed in six models adjusted by body weight (kg) and walking (yes/no), muscle strengthening exercises (yes/no), nutrition (intake of ca (g), and serum vitamin D (ng/mL)). Then, the generalized linear model (GLM) and trend test were conducted for each gender with a significance level of 0.05. The bone density differences of fat mass and lean mass were analyzed. The result of Model 6 considering all correction variables is as follows; in the case of male adolescents, the total femur and lumbar spine showed a significant difference (F = 13.120, p < 0.001; F = 12.900, p < 0.001) for fat mass, and the trend test showed that the figures significantly decreased (β = −0.030, p < 0.001; −0.035, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, for lean mass, the total femur and lumbar spine had a significant difference (F = 16.740, p < 0.001; F = 20.590, p < 0.001) too, but the trend test showed a significant increase (β = 0.054, p < 0.001; 0.057, p < 0.001). In the case of female adolescents, the lumbar spine (F = 3.600, p < 0.05) for lean mass showed a significant difference, and it also significantly rose in the trend test too (β = 0.020, p < 0.01). To sum up the results, for male adolescents, the bone density differences for fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) all had significant differences, but for female adolescents, only the lumbar spine for LM showed such a result. Meanwhile, both genders showed that LM had a more positive impact on bone density than FM.

In Korea, the prevalence rate of hypertension among people aged over 30 is on an upward trend, which increased from 26.2% in 2008 to 28.3% in 2018. This hovers above the global morbidity rate of hypertension. As hypertension is the cause of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular diseases, early treatment and management are critical. Also, while there has been numerous research conducted on exercise intervention, the number of studies done on hypertension and physical fitness falls far below. To identify the relationship between health and physical fitness depending on the blood pressure levels of Korean seniors, the physical fitness test results of the National Fitness Award 100 conducted in 2017 were used, and blood pressure level, physique, and physical fitness data of 17,110 elderly population aged above 65 were analyzed. IBM Statistics SPSS 25.0 was used to process the collected data. Due to the gender difference in blood pressure levels, physique, and physical strength, the analysis was conducted by each gender, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the differences in physique and physical strength depending on the blood pressure level. Also, Tukey’s HDS test was conducted if such differences were found. All analyzes were tested at the significance level (α) of 0.05. As a result of comparing the physique factors by blood pressure level, only males showed a significant difference between groups in terms of height(p = .019), and higher blood pressure implied greater height. Also, for both genders, those with high blood pressure appeared to have greater body weight(p < .001), body fat percentage(p < .001), BMI(p < .001), waist circumference(p < .001), and waist-to-height ratio(p < .001),. In addition, as the result of comparing health-related physical strength and skill-related physical strength by blood pressure level, males showed a significant difference only in muscular strength(p = .026) and flexibility(p < .001), while females showed a significant difference between groups in terms of cardiovascular endurance(p < .001), muscular strength(p = .025), muscular endurance(p < .001), balance, and motor coordination except for flexibility. Holistically, males only showed a significant difference in muscular strength and flexibility while females appeared to have a significant difference between groups in all categories except flexibility, which can be considered that physical fitness factors influence the blood pressure of females more than males.

Korea already entered the aging society (August 2017), in which 14% of the population is 65 years or older, and it is expected to enter as a super-aged society, in which 20% of the population is elderly at the world’s fastest rate by 2025. This means that a health management plan is needed to effectively manage the health of the elderly in preparation for the upcoming super-aging society. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of exercise on serum osteocalcin, bone ALP, and estradiol, which are representative indicators of bone formation after six months of complex exercise, and confirmed the usefulness of exercise programs and biochemical indicators for the elderly in late years to provide basic data for the prevention of osteoporosis. The subjects of this study were the elderly in late years (exercise group = 14, control group = 15), those 75 years or older in Korea, who performed complex exercises twice a week for six months. As a result of analyzing the effect of exercise performance on osteocalcin in the elderly in late years for six months in this study, no significant difference was found. However, osteocalcin decreased by 7.7% in the control group and increased by 18.66% in the exercise group, while ALP increased by 18.92% in the control group and significantly increased by 69.81% in the exercise group. As a result of analyzing the effect on estradiol, there was no significant difference, but it decreased by 55.09% in the control group and decreased by 1.85% in the exercise group. Based on the results showing that exercise clearly plays a positive role in improving bone density even for middle- and late-aged elderly people, in the future, the exercise will be useful to maintain and improve health related to the skeleton of the elderly through the combined participation of aerobic, resistance, and balance exercises. In addition, it is necessary to conduct repeated studies targeting the elderly of various age groups to evaluate the effects of exercise according to period and gender.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aerobic capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in men with cerebral palsy (CP) by measuring aerobic capacity and using the Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire. The subjects were ambulant men with CP (N = 34), with a mean age, height, weight, and body mass index of 36.6 ± 9.2 years, 163.9 ± 8.9 cm, 58.6 ± 9.1 kg, and 21.6 ± 2.9 kg·m-2, respectively. Aerobic capacity was measured during a graded exercise test and shuttle run test. Quality of life was evaluated using the Health-Related Quality of Life (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 [SF-36]). The analysis performed using the physical scale of HRQOL as the dependent variable revealed that the contribution rate of physical functioning was 46.3%, role physical was 21.8%, bodily pain was 7.5%, general health was 27.3%, and physical component summary was 36.1%; the aerobic capacity differed significantly in terms of physical functioning, role physical, general health, and physical component summary (p < .05). Peak oxygen uptake was a particularly significant explanatory variable for role physical, and role physical (p < .05). However, the analysis performed using the mental scale of HRQOL as the dependent variable revealed that the contribution rate of vitality was 13.0%, social functioning was 17.3%, role emotional was 14.9%, mental health was 8.1%, and mental component summary was 15.3%; the aerobic capacity showed no significant difference. The aerobic capacity representing the athletic performance level of men with CP positively affected physical health satisfaction but not mental health satisfaction.