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M. Belén Suárez
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Salamanca, Avda. Filiberto Villalobos, 119, 37007 Salamanca, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Agronomy
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Compost teas (CTs) are organic solutions that constitute an interesting option for sustainable agriculture. Those that come from garden waste have been applied in vitro and in vivo on pepper plants to determine its suppressive effect against both Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia solani. The studied CT showed relevant content in NO3 −, K2O, humic acids, and microorganisms such as aerobic bacteria, N-fixing bacteria, and actinobacteria, which play a role in plant growth and resistance. This rich abundance of microbiota in the CT induced a reduction in the relative growth rate of both P. capsici and R. solani (31.7% and 38.0%, respectively) in in vitro assays compared to control. In addition, CT-irrigated plants displayed increased growth parameters and showed the first open flower one week before those treatments without CTs, which suggests that its application advanced the crop cycle. Concerning pathogen infection, damage caused by both pathogens became more apparent with a one-week inoculation compared to a four-week inoculation, which may indicate that a microbiological and chemical balance had been reached to cope with biotic stresses. Based on these results, we conclude that CT application induces plant growth and defense in pepper plants against P. capsici and R. solani because of its relevant soluble nutrient content and microbiota richness, which provides a novel point for plant nutrition and protection in horticultural crops.

ACS Style

Ana González-Hernández; M. Suárez-Fernández; Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez; María Gómez-Sánchez; María Morales-Corts. Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper. Agronomy 2021, 11, 781 .

AMA Style

Ana González-Hernández, M. Suárez-Fernández, Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez, María Gómez-Sánchez, María Morales-Corts. Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (4):781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana González-Hernández; M. Suárez-Fernández; Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez; María Gómez-Sánchez; María Morales-Corts. 2021. "Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper." Agronomy 11, no. 4: 781.

Note
Published: 01 June 2017 in Plant Disease
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Belen Suarez; F. J. Feria; M. J. Martín-Robles; F. J. Del Rey; J. L. Palomo. Pectobacterium parmentieri Causing Soft Rot on Potato Tubers in Southern Europe. Plant Disease 2017, 101, 1029 -1029.

AMA Style

Belen Suarez, F. J. Feria, M. J. Martín-Robles, F. J. Del Rey, J. L. Palomo. Pectobacterium parmentieri Causing Soft Rot on Potato Tubers in Southern Europe. Plant Disease. 2017; 101 (6):1029-1029.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belen Suarez; F. J. Feria; M. J. Martín-Robles; F. J. Del Rey; J. L. Palomo. 2017. "Pectobacterium parmentieri Causing Soft Rot on Potato Tubers in Southern Europe." Plant Disease 101, no. 6: 1029-1029.

Report
Published: 26 August 2015 in Cell Cycle
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The division cycle of unicellular yeasts is completed with the activation of a cell separation program that results in the dissolution of the septum assembled during cytokinesis between the 2 daughter cells, allowing them to become independent entities. Expression of the eng1+ and agn1+ genes, encoding the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for septum degradation, is activated at the end of each cell cycle by the transcription factor Ace2. Periodic ace2+ expression is regulated by the transcriptional complex PBF (PCB Binding Factor), composed of the forkhead-like proteins Sep1 and Fkh2 and the MADS box-like protein Mbx1. In this report, we show that Ace2-dependent genes contain several combinations of motifs for Ace2 and PBF binding in their promoters. Thus, Ace2, Fkh2 and Sep1 were found to bind in vivo to the eng1+ promoter. Ace2 binding was coincident with maximum level of eng1+ expression, whereas Fkh2 binding was maximal when mRNA levels were low, supporting the notion that they play opposing roles. In addition, we found that the expression of eng1+ and agn1+ was differentially affected by mutations in PBF components. Interestingly, agn1+ was a major target of Mbx1, since its ectopic expression resulted in the suppression of Mbx1 deletion phenotypes. Our results reveal a complex regulation system through which the transcription factors Ace2, Fkh2, Sep1 and Mbx1 in combination control the expression of the genes involved in separation at the end of the cell division cycle.

ACS Style

Belen Suarez; María Luisa Alonso-Nuñez; Francisco Del Rey; Christopher J McInerny; Carlos R Vázquez De Aldana. Regulation of Ace2-dependent genes requires components of the PBF complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Cycle 2015, 14, 3124 -3137.

AMA Style

Belen Suarez, María Luisa Alonso-Nuñez, Francisco Del Rey, Christopher J McInerny, Carlos R Vázquez De Aldana. Regulation of Ace2-dependent genes requires components of the PBF complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Cycle. 2015; 14 (19):3124-3137.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belen Suarez; María Luisa Alonso-Nuñez; Francisco Del Rey; Christopher J McInerny; Carlos R Vázquez De Aldana. 2015. "Regulation of Ace2-dependent genes requires components of the PBF complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Cell Cycle 14, no. 19: 3124-3137.

Research article
Published: 15 April 2015 in PLoS Genetics
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Candida albicans is a major invasive fungal pathogen in humans. An important virulence factor is its ability to switch between the yeast and hyphal forms, and these filamentous forms are important in tissue penetration and invasion. A common feature for filamentous growth is the ability to inhibit cell separation after cytokinesis, although it is poorly understood how this process is regulated developmentally. In C. albicans, the formation of filaments during hyphal growth requires changes in septin ring dynamics. In this work, we studied the functional relationship between septins and the transcription factor Ace2, which controls the expression of enzymes that catalyze septum degradation. We found that alternative translation initiation produces two Ace2 isoforms. While full-length Ace2, Ace2L, influences septin dynamics in a transcription-independent manner in hyphal cells but not in yeast cells, the use of methionine-55 as the initiation codon gives rise to Ace2S, which functions as the nuclear transcription factor required for the expression of cell separation genes. Genetic evidence indicates that Ace2L influences the incorporation of the Sep7 septin to hyphal septin rings in order to avoid inappropriate activation of cell separation during filamentous growth. Interestingly, a natural single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) present in the C. albicans WO-1 background and other C. albicans commensal and clinical isolates generates a stop codon in the ninth codon of Ace2L that mimics the phenotype of cells lacking Ace2L. Finally, we report that Ace2L and Ace2S interact with the NDR kinase Cbk1 and that impairing activity of this kinase results in a defect in septin dynamics similar to that of hyphal cells lacking Ace2L. Together, our findings identify Ace2L and the NDR kinase Cbk1 as new elements of the signaling system that modify septin ring dynamics in hyphae to allow cell-chain formation, a feature that appears to have evolved in specific C. albicans lineages. Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen in immunologically compromised patients. A key virulence trait is its ability to switch between the yeast and hyphal forms. Whereas yeast cells are required for dissemination, the filamentous forms are important in tissue penetration and invasion. In order to make a hypha, cell separation must be inhibited after cytokinesis, although the full extent of its regulation remains unknown. Previously, we have shown that the inhibition of cell separation in hyphae requires a modification of the dynamic properties of septins, a conserved family of GTPases that normally form a ring at the site of cytokinesis. Here we describe new factors regulating septin dynamics during hyphal development. We have discovered that an alternative translation initiation of ACE2 mRNAs gives rise to an Ace2 protein, Ace2L, with an extra 54 aa at the N-terminus that exhibits a localization and function different from Ace2 transcription factor. This Ace2L protein is upregulated upon hyphal induction and regulates the incorporation of the Sep7 septin into the septin rings to avoid inappropriate activation of cell separation in hyphae. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that the NDR kinase Cbk1 interacts with Ace2L to regulate this process.

ACS Style

Diana M. Calderón-Noreña; Alberto González-Novo; Sara Orellana-Muñoz; Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano; Yolanda Arnáiz-Pita; Encarnación Dueñas-Santero; Belen Suarez; Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux; Francisco Del Rey; Gavin Sherlock; Christophe D'Enfert; Jaime Correa-Bordes; Carlos Rodríguez Vázquez De Aldana. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Uncovers a Novel Function for the Transcription Factor Ace2 during Candida albicans Hyphal Development. PLoS Genetics 2015, 11, e1005152 .

AMA Style

Diana M. Calderón-Noreña, Alberto González-Novo, Sara Orellana-Muñoz, Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano, Yolanda Arnáiz-Pita, Encarnación Dueñas-Santero, Belen Suarez, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, Francisco Del Rey, Gavin Sherlock, Christophe D'Enfert, Jaime Correa-Bordes, Carlos Rodríguez Vázquez De Aldana. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Uncovers a Novel Function for the Transcription Factor Ace2 during Candida albicans Hyphal Development. PLoS Genetics. 2015; 11 (4):e1005152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diana M. Calderón-Noreña; Alberto González-Novo; Sara Orellana-Muñoz; Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano; Yolanda Arnáiz-Pita; Encarnación Dueñas-Santero; Belen Suarez; Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux; Francisco Del Rey; Gavin Sherlock; Christophe D'Enfert; Jaime Correa-Bordes; Carlos Rodríguez Vázquez De Aldana. 2015. "A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Uncovers a Novel Function for the Transcription Factor Ace2 during Candida albicans Hyphal Development." PLoS Genetics 11, no. 4: e1005152.

Research article
Published: 10 May 2012 in PLOS Pathogens
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In nature, many microorganisms form specialized complex, multicellular, surface-attached communities called biofilms. These communities play critical roles in microbial pathogenesis. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with catheter-based infections due to its ability to establish biofilms. The transcription factor Bcr1 is a master regulator of C. albicans biofilm development, although the full extent of its regulation remains unknown. Here, we report that Bcr1 is a phosphoprotein that physically interacts with the NDR kinase Cbk1 and undergoes Cbk1-dependent phosphorylation. Mutating the two putative Cbk1 phosphoacceptor residues in Bcr1 to alanine markedly impaired Bcr1 function during biofilm formation and virulence in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. Cells lacking Cbk1, or any of its upstream activators, also had reduced biofilm development. Notably, mutating the two putative Cbk1 phosphoacceptor residues in Bcr1 to glutamate in cbk1Δ cells upregulated the transcription of Bcr1-dependent genes and partially rescued the biofilm defects of a cbk1Δ strain. Therefore, our data uncovered a novel role of the NDR/LATS kinase Cbk1 in the regulation of biofilm development through the control of Bcr1. C. albicans infections frequently involve the formation of biofilms on implanted devices such as indwelling catheters. These complex communities of surface-associated fungal cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharides protect C. albicans from host defences and antifungal agents. In recent years, several genes involved in the development of biofilms of C. albicans have been identified. These studies have uncovered complex regulatory networks that control the activity of several transcription factors during different steps of biofilm development. Bcr1 is a transcription factor that plays a major role in this process and yet, its regulation has not been studied extensively. Here, we show that Bcr1 function in biofilm formation and virulence requires phosphorylation of threonine 191 and serine 556 by the NDR/LATS kinase Cbk1. Moreover, given that Cbk1 is also required for the onset and maintenance of hyphal growth, our study highlights this kinase as a pivotal regulator of several developmental programs that are essential for the biology and pathogenesis of C. albicans.

ACS Style

Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano; Ute Zeidler; Belen Suarez; Sophie Bachellier-Bassi; Andrés Clemente Blanco; Julie Bonhomme; Carlos Vazquez de Aldana; Christophe D'Enfert; Jaime Correa-Bordes. The NDR/LATS Kinase Cbk1 Controls the Activity of the Transcriptional Regulator Bcr1 during Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans. PLOS Pathogens 2012, 8, e1002683 .

AMA Style

Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano, Ute Zeidler, Belen Suarez, Sophie Bachellier-Bassi, Andrés Clemente Blanco, Julie Bonhomme, Carlos Vazquez de Aldana, Christophe D'Enfert, Jaime Correa-Bordes. The NDR/LATS Kinase Cbk1 Controls the Activity of the Transcriptional Regulator Bcr1 during Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans. PLOS Pathogens. 2012; 8 (5):e1002683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano; Ute Zeidler; Belen Suarez; Sophie Bachellier-Bassi; Andrés Clemente Blanco; Julie Bonhomme; Carlos Vazquez de Aldana; Christophe D'Enfert; Jaime Correa-Bordes. 2012. "The NDR/LATS Kinase Cbk1 Controls the Activity of the Transcriptional Regulator Bcr1 during Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans." PLOS Pathogens 8, no. 5: e1002683.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2011 in Molecular Biology of the Cell
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Nuclear Dbf2-related (NDR) protein kinases are essential components of regulatory pathways involved in cell morphogenesis, cell cycle control, and viability in eukaryotic cells. For their activity and function, these kinases require interaction with Mob proteins. However, little is known about how the Mob proteins are regulated. In Candida albicans, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc28 and the NDR kinase Cbk1 are required for hyphal growth. Here we demonstrate that Mob2, the Cbk1 activator, undergoes a Cdc28-dependent differential phosphorylation on hyphal induction. Mutations in the four CDK consensus sites in Mob2 to Ala significantly impaired hyphal development. The mutant cells produced short hyphae with enlarged tips that displayed an illicit activation of cell separation. We also show that Cdc28 phosphorylation of Mob2 is essential for the maintenance of polarisome components at hyphal tips but not at bud tips during yeast growth. Thus we have found a novel signaling pathway by which Cdc28 controls Cbk1 through the regulatory phosphorylation of Mob2, which is crucial for normal hyphal development.

ACS Style

Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano; Alberto González-Novo; M. Belén Suárez; Chang-Run Li; Yue Wang; Carlos R. Vázquez de Aldana; Jaime Correa-Bordes. CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Mob2 is essential for hyphal development in Candida albicans. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2011, 22, 2458 -2469.

AMA Style

Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano, Alberto González-Novo, M. Belén Suárez, Chang-Run Li, Yue Wang, Carlos R. Vázquez de Aldana, Jaime Correa-Bordes. CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Mob2 is essential for hyphal development in Candida albicans. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2011; 22 (14):2458-2469.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pilar Gutiérrez-Escribano; Alberto González-Novo; M. Belén Suárez; Chang-Run Li; Yue Wang; Carlos R. Vázquez de Aldana; Jaime Correa-Bordes. 2011. "CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Mob2 is essential for hyphal development in Candida albicans." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 14: 2458-2469.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2009 in Zootaxa
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Whiteflies are inadvertently, but commonly, transported in international plant trade. Rapid, accurate identification is the essential first step when such insects are intercepted by quarantine authorities. Whitefly taxonomy, and identification, is almost entirely based on the fourth-larval instar or puparium, but often only the eggs, early larval instars or adults are detected. Morphological descriptions of the egg, first three larval stages and adult are presented for four species commonly detected in trade, Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny), B. tabaci (Gennadius), Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Morphological characters are provided that enable most life stage/species combinations in these four species to be distinguished. The structure of the antenna is a reliable and simple character for separating the four larval instars. Phenotypic plasticity, previously only reported in the puparial stage, also occurs in the second and third-larval instars. Where morphological separation of two species is sometimes inconclusive, or impossible, identification can be achieved using four real-time PCR assays, designed and validated to distinguish between the four species. The assays are generic in their set-up and can be multiplexed to form two reactions allowing discrimination of B. afer and B. tabaci in one well, and T. ricini and T. vaporariorum in another.

ACS Style

Christopher Malumphy; Katherine Walsh; M. Belen Suarez; Dominique W. Collins; Niel Boonham. Morphological and molecular identification of all developmental stages of four whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) commonly intercepted in quarantine. Zootaxa 2009, 2118, 1 -29.

AMA Style

Christopher Malumphy, Katherine Walsh, M. Belen Suarez, Dominique W. Collins, Niel Boonham. Morphological and molecular identification of all developmental stages of four whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) commonly intercepted in quarantine. Zootaxa. 2009; 2118 (1):1-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher Malumphy; Katherine Walsh; M. Belen Suarez; Dominique W. Collins; Niel Boonham. 2009. "Morphological and molecular identification of all developmental stages of four whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) commonly intercepted in quarantine." Zootaxa 2118, no. 1: 1-29.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2009 in BMC Microbiology
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It has recently been shown that the Trichoderma fungal species used for biocontrol of plant diseases are capable of interacting with plant roots directly, behaving as symbiotic microorganisms. With a view to providing further information at transcriptomic level about the early response of Trichoderma to a host plant, we developed a high-density oligonucleotide (HDO) microarray encompassing 14,081 Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)-based transcripts from eight Trichoderma spp. and 9,121 genome-derived transcripts of T. reesei, and we have used this microarray to examine the gene expression of T. harzianum either alone or in the presence of tomato plants, chitin, or glucose.

ACS Style

Ilanit Samolski; Alberto De Luis; Juan Antonio Vizcaino; Enrique Monte; M Belén Suárez. Gene expression analysis of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum in the presence of tomato plants, chitin, or glucose using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray. BMC Microbiology 2009, 9, 217 -217.

AMA Style

Ilanit Samolski, Alberto De Luis, Juan Antonio Vizcaino, Enrique Monte, M Belén Suárez. Gene expression analysis of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum in the presence of tomato plants, chitin, or glucose using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray. BMC Microbiology. 2009; 9 (1):217-217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilanit Samolski; Alberto De Luis; Juan Antonio Vizcaino; Enrique Monte; M Belén Suárez. 2009. "Gene expression analysis of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum in the presence of tomato plants, chitin, or glucose using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray." BMC Microbiology 9, no. 1: 217-217.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2007 in Current Genetics
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Proteolytic enzymes (EC 3.4) secreted by Trichoderma strains are receiving increasing attention because of their potential implication in the Trichoderma biocontrol abilities. We have used an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach to identify genes encoding extracellular peptidases in T. harzianum CECT 2413 grown under several biocontrol-related conditions. Based on BlastX results and Gene Ontology annotation, a total of 61 (among 3478) unique sequences (unisequences) were predicted to encode enzymes with peptidase activity, three corresponding to secreted peptidases already known from this Trichoderma strain (PAPA, PRA1 and P6281). Further manual screening based on the functional identity and cellular location of the best matches revealed ten unisequences encoding novel extracellular peptidases. We report the characterization of the corresponding genes as well as a potential orthologous gene of the intracellular peptidase PAPB from T. asperellum. In each case, full-length coding sequences were obtained, and deduced proteins were compared at phylogenetic level with peptidases from other organisms. T. harzianum CECT 2413 novel peptidases included six serine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21) belonging to the families S1, S8 and S53, three aspartic endopeptidases (EC 3.4.23) of the family A1, one metallo-endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24) of the family M35, and one aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11) of the family M28. Results obtained by Northern blot analyses demonstrated that the genes within a family are differentially regulated in response to different culture conditions, suggesting that they have diverse functional roles.

ACS Style

M. Belén Suárez; Juan Antonio Vizcaino; Antonio Llobell; Enrique Monte. Characterization of genes encoding novel peptidases in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 using the TrichoEST functional genomics approach. Current Genetics 2007, 51, 331 -342.

AMA Style

M. Belén Suárez, Juan Antonio Vizcaino, Antonio Llobell, Enrique Monte. Characterization of genes encoding novel peptidases in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 using the TrichoEST functional genomics approach. Current Genetics. 2007; 51 (5):331-342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Belén Suárez; Juan Antonio Vizcaino; Antonio Llobell; Enrique Monte. 2007. "Characterization of genes encoding novel peptidases in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 using the TrichoEST functional genomics approach." Current Genetics 51, no. 5: 331-342.

Comparative study
Published: 01 March 2007 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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The functional genomics project "TrichoEST" was developed focused on different taxonomic groups of Trichoderma with biocontrol potential. Four cDNA libraries were constructed, using similar growth conditions, from four different Trichoderma strains: Trichoderma longibrachiatum T52, Trichoderma asperellum T53, Trichoderma virens T59, and Trichoderma sp. T78. In this study, we present the analysis of the 8,160 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated. Each EST library was independently assembled and 1,000-1,300 unique sequences were identified in each strain. First, we queried our collection of ESTs against the NCBI nonredundant database using the BLASTX algorithm. Moreover, using the Gene Ontology hierarchy, we performed the annotation of 40.9% of the unique sequences. Later, based on the EST abundance, we examined the highly expressed genes in the four strains. A hydrophobin was found as the gene expressed at the highest level in two of the strains, but we also found that other unique sequences similar to the HEX1, QID3, and NMT1 proteins were highly represented in at least two of the Trichoderma strains.

ACS Style

Juan Antonio Vizcaíno; José Redondo; M. Belén Suárez; Rosa Elena Cardoza; Rosa Hermosa; Francisco Javier González; Manuel Rey; Enrique Monte. Generation, annotation, and analysis of ESTs from four different Trichoderma strains grown under conditions related to biocontrol. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007, 75, 853 -862.

AMA Style

Juan Antonio Vizcaíno, José Redondo, M. Belén Suárez, Rosa Elena Cardoza, Rosa Hermosa, Francisco Javier González, Manuel Rey, Enrique Monte. Generation, annotation, and analysis of ESTs from four different Trichoderma strains grown under conditions related to biocontrol. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2007; 75 (4):853-862.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Antonio Vizcaíno; José Redondo; M. Belén Suárez; Rosa Elena Cardoza; Rosa Hermosa; Francisco Javier González; Manuel Rey; Enrique Monte. 2007. "Generation, annotation, and analysis of ESTs from four different Trichoderma strains grown under conditions related to biocontrol." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 75, no. 4: 853-862.

Comparative study
Published: 27 July 2006 in BMC Genomics
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[Background] The filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum is used as biological control agent of several plant-pathogenic fungi. In order to study the genome of this fungus, a functional genomics project called "TrichoEST" was developed to give insights into genes involved in biological control activities using an approach based on the generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs).[Results] Eight different cDNA libraries from T. harzianum strain CECT 2413 were constructed. Different growth conditions involving mainly different nutrient conditions and/or stresses were used. We here present the analysis of the 8,710 ESTs generated. A total of 3,478 unique sequences were identified of which 81.4% had sequence similarity with GenBank entries, using the BLASTX algorithm. Using the Gene Ontology hierarchy, we performed the annotation of 51.1% of the unique sequences and compared its distribution among the gene libraries. Additionally, the InterProScan algorithm was used in order to further characterize the sequences. The identification of the putatively secreted proteins was also carried out. Later, based on the EST abundance, we examined the highly expressed genes and a hydrophobin was identified as the gene expressed at the highest level. We compared our collection of ESTs with the previous collections obtained from Trichoderma species and we also compared our sequence set with different complete eukaryotic genomes from several animals, plants and fungi. Accordingly, the presence of similar sequences in different kingdoms was also studied.[Conclusion] This EST collection and its annotation provide a significant resource for basic and applied research on T. harzianum, a fungus with a high biotechnological interest.Peer reviewe

ACS Style

Juan Antonio Vizcaíno; Francisco Javier González; M Belén Suárez; José Redondo; Julian Heinrich; Jesús Delgado-Jarana; Rosa Hermosa; Santiago Gutiérrez; Enrique Monte; Antonio Llobell; Manuel Rey. Generation, annotation and analysis of ESTs from Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413. BMC Genomics 2006, 7, 193 -193.

AMA Style

Juan Antonio Vizcaíno, Francisco Javier González, M Belén Suárez, José Redondo, Julian Heinrich, Jesús Delgado-Jarana, Rosa Hermosa, Santiago Gutiérrez, Enrique Monte, Antonio Llobell, Manuel Rey. Generation, annotation and analysis of ESTs from Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413. BMC Genomics. 2006; 7 (1):193-193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Antonio Vizcaíno; Francisco Javier González; M Belén Suárez; José Redondo; Julian Heinrich; Jesús Delgado-Jarana; Rosa Hermosa; Santiago Gutiérrez; Enrique Monte; Antonio Llobell; Manuel Rey. 2006. "Generation, annotation and analysis of ESTs from Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413." BMC Genomics 7, no. 1: 193-193.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2005 in Fungal Genetics and Biology
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Trichoderma mycoparasitic activity depends on the secretion of complex mixtures of hydrolytic enzymes able to degrade the host cell wall. We have analysed the extracellular proteome secreted by T. harzianum CECT 2413 in the presence of different fungal cell walls. Significant differences were detected in 2DE maps, depending on the use of specific cell walls or chitin. A combination of MALDI-TOF and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry allowed the identification of a novel aspartic protease (P6281: MW 33 and pI 4.3) highly induced by fungal cell walls. A broad EST library from T. harzianum CECT 2413 was used to obtain the full-length sequence. The protein showed 44% identity with the polyporopepsin (EC 3.4.23.29) from the basidiomycete Irpex lacteus. Lower identity percentages were found with other pepsin-like proteases from filamentous fungi (<31%) and animals (<29%). Northern blot and promoter sequence analyses support the implication of the protease P6281 in mycoparasitism.

ACS Style

M. Belén Suárez; Luis Sanz; M. Isabel Chamorro; Manuel Rey; Francisco J. González; Antonio Llobell; Enrique Monte. Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from Trichoderma harzianum: Identification of a fungal cell wall-induced aspartic protease. Fungal Genetics and Biology 2005, 42, 924 -934.

AMA Style

M. Belén Suárez, Luis Sanz, M. Isabel Chamorro, Manuel Rey, Francisco J. González, Antonio Llobell, Enrique Monte. Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from Trichoderma harzianum: Identification of a fungal cell wall-induced aspartic protease. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2005; 42 (11):924-934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Belén Suárez; Luis Sanz; M. Isabel Chamorro; Manuel Rey; Francisco J. González; Antonio Llobell; Enrique Monte. 2005. "Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from Trichoderma harzianum: Identification of a fungal cell wall-induced aspartic protease." Fungal Genetics and Biology 42, no. 11: 924-934.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2005 in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
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Real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan chemistry have been developed for the detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea, suitable for a wide range of different host plant species. Assays were designed to the β-tubulin gene, the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and also to a previously published, species-specific sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) marker; the assays were compared to a published method based on SYBR Green I technology. The assays designed to the IGS region and SCAR marker proved to be highly specific for B. cinerea but assays designed to the β-tubulin gene and the previously published assay designed to the cutinase-A gene both cross-react with B. fabae. The assay designed to the IGS region was the most sensitive and was able to reliably detect and quantify as little as 20 fg of B. cinerea DNA. The method incorporates the detection of a gene from the plant host to compensate for variations in extraction efficiency and size of sample tested. The assays designed were used to follow the progression of infection of B. cinerea in plant material inoculated with spores to the point of symptom induction. They should be ideally suited to investigating infection processes in-planta and could be used to investigate aspects of infection/plant pathogenesis, by B. cinerea and are particularly suited to the detection and quantification of the pathogen prior to the development of symptoms.

ACS Style

Belen Suarez; Kathryn Walsh; Neil Boonham; Tim O’Neill; Simon Pearson; Ian Barker. Development of real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays for the detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea in planta. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2005, 43, 890 -899.

AMA Style

Belen Suarez, Kathryn Walsh, Neil Boonham, Tim O’Neill, Simon Pearson, Ian Barker. Development of real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays for the detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea in planta. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2005; 43 (9):890-899.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belen Suarez; Kathryn Walsh; Neil Boonham; Tim O’Neill; Simon Pearson; Ian Barker. 2005. "Development of real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays for the detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea in planta." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 43, no. 9: 890-899.

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Published: 20 May 2004 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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Mycoparasitic Trichoderma strains secrete a complex set of hydrolytic enzymes under conditions related to antagonism. Several proteins with proteolytic activity were detected in culture filtrates from T. harzianum CECT 2413 grown in fungal cell walls or chitin and the protein responsible for the main activity (PRA1) was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was monomeric, its estimated molecular mass was 28 kDa (SDS-PAGE), and its isoelectric point 4.7–4.9. The substrate specificity and inhibition profile of the enzyme correspond to a serine-protease with trypsin activity. Synthetic oligonucleotide primers based on N-terminal and internal sequences of the protein were designed to clone a full cDNA corresponding to PRA1. The protein sequence showed <43% identity to mammal trypsins and 47–57% to other fungal trypsin-like proteins described thus far. Northern analysis indicated that PRA1 is induced by conditions simulating antagonism, is subject to nitrogen and carbon derepression, and is affected by pH in the culture media. The number of hatched eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was significantly reduced after incubation with pure PRA1 preparations. This nematicidal effect was improved using fungal culture filtrates, suggesting that PRA1 has additive or synergistic effects with other proteins produced during the antagonistic activity of T. harzianum CECT 2413. A role for PRA1 in the protection of plants against pests and pathogens provided by T. harzianum CECT 2413 is proposed.

ACS Style

Belen Suarez; Manuel Rey; Pablo Castillo; Enrique Monte; Antonio Llobell. Isolation and characterization of PRA1, a trypsin-like protease from the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 displaying nematicidal activity. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2004, 65, 46 -55.

AMA Style

Belen Suarez, Manuel Rey, Pablo Castillo, Enrique Monte, Antonio Llobell. Isolation and characterization of PRA1, a trypsin-like protease from the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 displaying nematicidal activity. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2004; 65 (1):46-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belen Suarez; Manuel Rey; Pablo Castillo; Enrique Monte; Antonio Llobell. 2004. "Isolation and characterization of PRA1, a trypsin-like protease from the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 displaying nematicidal activity." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 65, no. 1: 46-55.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2003 in Journal of Phytopathology
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P. V. Martinez-Culebras; Amparo Querol; M. B. Suarez-Fernandez; M. D. Garcia-Lopez; Eladio Barrio. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Colletotrichum Pathogens of Strawberry and Design of PCR Primers for their Identification. Journal of Phytopathology 2003, 151, 135 -143.

AMA Style

P. V. Martinez-Culebras, Amparo Querol, M. B. Suarez-Fernandez, M. D. Garcia-Lopez, Eladio Barrio. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Colletotrichum Pathogens of Strawberry and Design of PCR Primers for their Identification. Journal of Phytopathology. 2003; 151 (3):135-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. V. Martinez-Culebras; Amparo Querol; M. B. Suarez-Fernandez; M. D. Garcia-Lopez; Eladio Barrio. 2003. "Phylogenetic Relationships Among Colletotrichum Pathogens of Strawberry and Design of PCR Primers for their Identification." Journal of Phytopathology 151, no. 3: 135-143.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2002 in Journal of Phytopathology
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P. V. Martinez-Culebras; Eladio Barrio; M. B. Suarez-Fernandez; M. D. Garcia-Lopez; Amparo Querol. RAPD Analysis of Colletotrichum Species Isolated from Strawberry and the Design of Specific Primers for the Identification of C. fragariae. Journal of Phytopathology 2002, 150, 680 -686.

AMA Style

P. V. Martinez-Culebras, Eladio Barrio, M. B. Suarez-Fernandez, M. D. Garcia-Lopez, Amparo Querol. RAPD Analysis of Colletotrichum Species Isolated from Strawberry and the Design of Specific Primers for the Identification of C. fragariae. Journal of Phytopathology. 2002; 150 (11-12):680-686.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. V. Martinez-Culebras; Eladio Barrio; M. B. Suarez-Fernandez; M. D. Garcia-Lopez; Amparo Querol. 2002. "RAPD Analysis of Colletotrichum Species Isolated from Strawberry and the Design of Specific Primers for the Identification of C. fragariae." Journal of Phytopathology 150, no. 11-12: 680-686.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2000 in Mycologia
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Jose-Andres Garcia Munoz; M. Belén Suárez; Isabel Grondona; Enrique Monte; Alan G. Buddie; Paul D. Bridge; Paul F. Cannon. A Physiological and Biochemical Approach to the Systematics of Colletotrichum Species Pathogenic to Strawberry. Mycologia 2000, 92, 488 .

AMA Style

Jose-Andres Garcia Munoz, M. Belén Suárez, Isabel Grondona, Enrique Monte, Alan G. Buddie, Paul D. Bridge, Paul F. Cannon. A Physiological and Biochemical Approach to the Systematics of Colletotrichum Species Pathogenic to Strawberry. Mycologia. 2000; 92 (3):488.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose-Andres Garcia Munoz; M. Belén Suárez; Isabel Grondona; Enrique Monte; Alan G. Buddie; Paul D. Bridge; Paul F. Cannon. 2000. "A Physiological and Biochemical Approach to the Systematics of Colletotrichum Species Pathogenic to Strawberry." Mycologia 92, no. 3: 488.