The rise of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens poses a significant challenge to the field of infectious disease treatment. To overcome this problem, novel strategies are being explored to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics. Antibiotic adjuvants have emerged as a promising approach to combat MDR pathogens by acting synergistically with antibiotics. This review focuses on the role of antibiotic adjuvants as a synergistic tool in the fight against MDR pathogens. Adjuvants refer to compounds or agents that enhance the activity of antibiotics, either by potentiating their effects or by targeting the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The utilization of antibiotic adjuvants offers several advantages. Firstly, they can restore the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against resistant strains. Adjuvants can inhibit the mechanisms that confer resistance, making the pathogens susceptible to the action of antibiotics. Secondly, adjuvants can enhance the activity of antibiotics by improving their penetration into bacterial cells, increasing their stability, or inhibiting efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from bacterial cells. Various types of antibiotic adjuvants have been investigated, including efflux pump inhibitors, resistance-modifying agents, and compounds that disrupt bacterial biofilms. These adjuvants can act synergistically with antibiotics, resulting in increased antibacterial activity and overcoming resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, antibiotic adjuvants have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of MDR pathogens. By enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics, adjuvants offer a promising strategy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Further research and development in this field are crucial to harness the full potential of antibiotic adjuvants and bring them closer to clinical application.

The incidence of obesity and over bodyweight is emerging as a major health concern. Obesity is a complex metabolic disease with multiple pathophysiological clinical conditions as comorbidities are associated with obesity such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, some cancers, and inflammation-based clinical conditions. In obese individuals, adipocyte cells increased the expression of leptin, angiotensin, adipocytokines, plasminogen activators, and C-reactive protein. Currently, options for treatment and lifestyle behaviors interventions are limited, and keeping a healthy lifestyle is challenging. Various types of phytochemicals have been investigated for antiobesity potential. Here, we discuss pathophysiology and signaling pathways in obesity, epigenetic regulations, regulatory mechanism, functional ingredients in natural antiobesity products, and therapeutic application of phytochemicals in obesity.

The most severe clinical manifestations of the horrifying COVID-19 disease, that claimed millions of lives during the pandemic time, were Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Coagulopathies, septic shock leading eventually to death. ARDS was a consequence of Cytokine storm. The viral SARS-COV2infection lead to avalanche of cytokines and eicosanoids causing “cytokine storm” and “eicosanoid storm.” Cytokine storm is one of the macrophage-derived inflammatory responses triggered by binding of virus particles to ACE2 receptors of alveolar macrophages, arise mainly due to over production of various pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines, e.g., interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, causing pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress, and multi-organ failure. Cytokine storm was regarded as the predictor of severity of the disease and was deemed one of the causes of the high mortality rates due to the COVID-19. The basis of cytokine storm is imbalanced switching between an inflammation increasing - pro-inflammatory (M1) and an inflammation regulating-anti-inflammatory (M2) forms of alveolar macrophages which further deteriorates if opportunistic secondary bacterial infections prevail in the lungs. Lack of sufficient knowledge regarding the virus and its influence on co-morbidities, clinical treatment of the diseases included exorbitant use of antibiotics to mitigate secondary bacterial infections, which led to the unwarranted development of multidrug resistance (MDR) among the population across the globe. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) needs to be addressed from various perspectives as it may deprive future generations of the basic health immunity. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are generated from the stereoselective enzymatic conversions of essential fatty acids that serve as immune resolvents in controlling acute inflammatory responses. SPMs facilitate the clearance of injured tissue and cell debris, the removal of pathogens, and augment the concentration of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. The SPMs, e.g., lipoxins, protectins, and resolvins have been implicated in exerting inhibitory influence on with cytokine storm. Experimental evidence suggests that SPMS lower antibiotic requirement. Therefore, in this review potential roles of SPMs in enhancing macrophage polarization, triggering immunological functions, hastening inflammation resolution, subsiding cytokine storm and decreasing antibiotic requirement that can reduce AMR load are discussed.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacterial and fungal pathogens poses a growing global health crisis, rendering many conventional antimicrobial therapies ineffective. The rise of MDR strains complicates treatment, prolongs illness, increases healthcare costs, and contributes to higher mortality rates. Mechanisms driving MDR include enzymatic drug inactivation, target modification, efflux pump activity, decreased permeability, and biofilm formation—often fueled by horizontal gene transfer and selective pressure from antimicrobial overuse. In response to the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising, non-traditional approach. PDT utilizes a photosensitizing agent, light of a specific wavelength, and oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inflict oxidative damage on microbial or cancer cells. This mechanism circumvents conventional resistance pathways, offering targeted, minimally invasive, and effective treatment for infections and malignancies. PDT is particularly adept at penetrating biofilms and resistant microbial populations, thus broadening its clinical applicability. In addition to direct microbial eradication, PDT may stimulate immune responses and demonstrates a favorable safety profile compared to traditional antibiotics or chemotherapy. Furthermore, advances in Antimicrobial Blue Light (aBL) and next-generation photosensitizers enhance PDT’s effectiveness while minimizing resistance development. This review explores the biological mechanisms underlying MDR, the principles and evolution of PDT, and its synergistic potential in managing infectious diseases. By addressing critical gaps in antimicrobial therapy, PDT stands out as a transformative modality in the ongoing battle against drug-resistant pathogens.

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is a fast-growing drought-resistant tree belonging to the family Moringaceae and native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated and/or naturalized worldwide with a semi-arid climate. MO is also popularly known as a miracle tree for its repertoire of nutraceutical, pharmacological, and phytochemical properties. The MO germplasm is collected, conserved, and maintained by various institutions across the globe. Various morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers are used for determining the genetic diversity in MO accessions. A higher yield of leaves and pods is often desirable for making various products with commercial viability and amenable for trade in the international market. Therefore, breeding elite varieties adapted to local agroclimatic conditions and in vitro propagation are viable and sustainable approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of MO germplasm conservation and various markers that are employed for assessing the genetic diversity among them. Further, breeding and in vitro propagation of MO for various desirable agronomic traits are discussed. Finally, trade and commerce of various functional and biofortified foods and non-food products are enumerated albeit with a need for a rigorous and stringent toxicity evaluation.

Cancer is the greatest cause of mortality worldwide. Various drug classes treat various cancers. Nanoformulations made from natural sources are being studied for treating several diseases, including cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation have mostly failed to treat cancer. These drugs may damage quickly dividing healthy tissues, structural anomalies, bodily toxicity, long-term side effects, tumor cell drug resistance, and psychiatric disturbances. Researchers are developing nanoscale medicines using natural medications like Malva sylvestris and Curcumin to lower concentrations and improve target specificity. Nanoparticles’ small size and unique properties make them beneficial. They encapsulate medicinal ingredients, improving solubility, medication release, cellular absorption, and delivery. Nanoparticles may better identify and bind to cancer cells when functionalized with ligands. Natural chemicals and nanotechnology may improve medication availability, distribution, and targeting to cancer cells, making cancer treatments more effective and safe. Nanomedicine, which employs nanoparticles to treat cancer and malignant cells, has grown rapidly because nanodrugs are more effective and have fewer side effects than current commercial cancer drugs. Nanotechnology-based natural chemicals and pharmaceutical delivery methods for cancer therapy are covered in this review article. The paper discusses nanoparticle pros and cons and natural chemicals’ cancer-fighting appeal.