Dr. Aurelio Cafaro got his degree in Medicine and Surgery in 1984, and his specialty in Clinical Immunology and Allergy in 1987, both at the University “La Sapienza” in Rome, Italy. Since 1996, he has been a senior scientist at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS, Rome, Italy). He contributed to the building up of the Italian Concerted Action on the Development of a Vaccine against HIV/AIDS (ICAV), the EU-funded projects AVIP and MUVAPRED, as well as to the former Italy–USA project (led by Barbara Ensoli at CNAIDS, ISS and Marjorie Robert-Guroff at NCI, NIH, USA) and the ISS-Chiron (now Novartis) Joint Program for the Development of a Combined Vaccine Against HIV/AIDS (lead by Barbara Ensoli at CNAIDS, ISS and Rino Rappuoli at Chiron/Novartis). More recently, he has actively participated in the development, design and conduction of phase I and II preventative and therapeutic clinical trials based on the Tat protein. Dr. Cafaro is the Head of the Natural and Acquired Cellular Immunity at the National AIDS Center of the ISS. His expertise encompasses HIV/SIV pathogenesis and humoral and cellular immunology in both nonhuman and human primates, which are the main topics of the research program at the National AIDS Center.