In order to achieve the objectives set by the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris agreement, the legislative framework that is developed at the national and regional level must be appropriate. Research has focused on the importance of environmental policies to stimulate renewable energy demand and has also highlighted the existence of legal regimes more inclined to preserve the current model of dependence on fossil fuels. The main aim of this paper is to observe the impact of different regulation framework in the use of renewable energies in electricity generation. The choice of Spain and Cuba was based on several reasons: first, they present different models of legal regulations for renewable energies, with more centralized power in the case of Cuba and more influence of supranational institutions in the case of Spain; second, they have similarities regarding their productive model (highly dependent on hydrocarbons as sources of electricity generation) and the high potential for electricity generation with renewable energies thanks to their rich natural endowment that could favor energy generation from sources like the sun, wind and water; finally, both countries face a global situation where they could take advantage of this cost-cutting moment, and therefore, of electricity tariffs, to propose a sustainable model of electricity generation based exclusively on renewable energies. The conclusions show that Spain can become a role model to improve the Cuban system, given that the European and Spanish “green” positions can be very useful in developing Cuba’s future energy model based on renewables. The existing ties between the Caribbean country, Spain and the European Union (EU) should be the basis to support a model for which Cuba has an outstanding endowment of natural resources and where the similarities with Spain can generate synergies based on the European experience.

This paper employs a new framework based on internationally available indicators to conduct a comparative analysis of electricity generation among Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, using data from 2021, the most recent available. Two multivariate techniques, cluster analysis and factor analysis, are used in this study. In recent years, electricity generation in the region has increased significantly, largely driven by the economic growth of these nations. A notable trend is the rising contribution of renewable energy sources, which accounted for 55 % of total generation in 2021, thanks to the region's exceptional climatic and geographic conditions. However, the absence of overarching supranational policies has led to significant disparities in energy strategies across these countries, both in design and implementation. Among the 20 LAC countries studied, 35 % do not reach a 50 % share of sustainable electricity generation. Understanding how these countries group regarding sustainable electricity generation is essential for identifying their key characteristics. The analysis yields three fundamental conclusions: first, the selected indicators are highly effective in achieving the study's objectives; second, the principal differences between the identified groups are largely influenced by each country's level of development and reliance on renewable energy sources; and third, from a policy perspective, there is a clear need for a supranational framework to support the national efforts and strategies being independently pursued by these countries, particularly regarding the design and implementation of energy policies. This paper contributes to bridging the gap in the international academic literature concerning sustainable electricity generation in LAC region, and it aligns with studies focused on the analysis of renewable energy sources and sustainable development.

Since monetary duality was adopted in Cuba in August 1994, two currencies have coexisted on the Island: the Cuban convertible peso (CUC) and the Cuban national peso (CUP). There is a double fixed exchange rate between the CUC and CUP and between the CUC and the US dollar (USD). In reality, there is also a fixed exchange rate between CUP and USD, consequently, monetary unification seems necessary. The problem lies in setting the exchange rate of the currency that will survive (CUP) versus the eliminated one (CUC). In this article, a review of the most interesting aspects of this situation is conducted, and arguments are put forward as to what would be the most appropriate exchange rate between the Cuban national currency and the Cuban convertible peso.

The current economic crisis has affected the chances of attracting financing of small and medium-sized Spanish companies. To the tightening of credit conditions we must add also the increased risk because, on the one hand, the increase in defaults and, secondly, the fall in sales volume caused both by the significant loss of purchasing power of consumers as by increasing distrust. In this context the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), emerges as an alternative stock exchange market to provide financing to smaller companies, that however, want to expand and reach more markets than its own financial structure could afford. The main objective of the AIM is to provide financial resources, by increasing equity to companies undergoing expansion, both nationally and internationally. In this paper we analyze the main characteristics of this new market and tax benefits for both investors and businesses.

En la actualidad la generación de electricidad con fuentes de energía renovables sigue siendo inferior a la producida con energías no renovables. Cabe preguntarse entonces si se podría imponer algún tipo de gravamen a la generación de electricidad a partir de fuentes de energía no renovables para colaborar a un cambio definitivo en el comportamiento ambiental, y si ese gravamen podría ser un impuesto afectado para que lo que se recaude se destine íntegramente a compensar las deseconomías externas producidas por la generación de electricidad haciendo uso de energías no renovables. En este artículo se revisa la imposición ambiental en Cuba y en España, y se presentan datos que permitirían proponer un modelo impositivo ambiental afectado.