Electric potential controlled lubrication, also known as triboelectrochemistry or electrotunable tribology, is an emerging field to regulate the friction, wear, and lubrication performance under charge distribution on the solid–liquid interfaces through an applied electric potential, allowing to achieve superlubrication. Electric potential controlled lubrication is of great significance for smart tunable lubrication, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and key components in high-end mechanical equipment such as gears and bearings, etc. However, there needs to be a more theoretical understanding of the electric potential controlled lubrication between micro- and macro-scale conditions. For example, the synergistic contribution of the adsorption/desorption process and the electrochemical reaction process has not been well understood, and there exists a significant gap between the theoretical research and applications of electric potential controlled lubrication. Here, we provide an overview of this emerging field, from introducing its theoretical background to the advantages and characteristics of different experimental configurations (including universal mechanical tribometers, atomic force microscopes, and surface force apparatus/balances) for electric potential controlled lubrication. Next, we review the main experimental achievements in the performance and mechanisms of electrotunable lubrication, especially using ionic lubricants, including electrolyte solutions, ionic liquids, and surfactants. This review aims to survey the literature on electric potential controlled lubrication and provide insights into the design of superlubricants and intelligent lubrication systems for various applications.

Hydrogels with high hydrophilicity and excellent biocompatibility have been considered as potential candidates for various applications, including biomimetics, sensors and wearable devices. However, their high water content will lead to poor load-bearing and high friction. Currently, two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely investigated as promising nanofillers to improve the mechanical and lubrication performances of hydrogels because of their unique physical–chemical properties. On one hand, 2D materials can participate in the cross-linking of hydrogels, leading to enhanced load-bearing capacity and fatigue resistance, etc.; on the other hand, using 2D materials as nanofillers also brings unique biomedical properties. The combination of hydrogels and 2D materials shows bright prospects for bioapplications. This review focusses on the recent development of high-strength and low-friction hydrogels with the addition of 2D nanomaterials. Functional properties and the underlying mechanisms of 2D nanomaterials are firstly overviewed. Subsequently, the mechanical and friction properties of hydrogels with 2D nanomaterials including graphene oxide, black phosphorus, MXenes, boron nitride, and others are summarized in detail. Finally, the current challenges and potential applications of using 2D nanomaterials in hydrogel, as well as future research, are also discussed.

In this paper, a concurrent multiscale simulation strategy coupling atomistic and continuum models was proposed to investigate the three-dimensional contact responses of aluminum single crystal under both dry and lubricated conditions. The Hertz contact is performed by using both the multiscale and full molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for validation. From the contact area, kinetic energy and stress continuity aspects, the multiscale model shows good accuracy. It can also save at least five times the computational time compared with the full MD simulations for the same domain size. Furthermore, the results of lubricated contact show that the lubricant molecules could effectively cover the contact surfaces; thereby separating the aluminum surfaces and bearing the support loads. Moreover, the surface topography could be protected by the thin film formed by the lubricant molecules. It has been found that the contact area decreases obviously with increasing the magnitude of load under both dry and lubricated contacts. Besides, a decrease in contact area is also seen when the number of lubricant molecules increases. The present study has confirmed that the dimension of lubricated contacts could be greatly expanded during the simulation using the proposed multiscale method without sacrificing too much computational time and accuracy.

Solid–liquid lubrication systems have been widely used to enhance tribological behaviors. Alongside offering exceptional lubrication and wear-resistance performance, the active control of the tribological behavior of lubrication systems in accordance with service conditions is equally critical. To achieve this goal, accurately monitoring the condition of the lubrication system is fundamental. This review article aims to provide a fundamental understanding of different sensors for monitoring the condition of lubricants, as well as the friction and wear properties. Specifically, the sensors suitable for engineering applications are detailed introduced. Through this review, we wish to provide researchers in mechanical engineering with a clear technical overview, which can guide the design of intelligent lubrication systems with suitable sensors.