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A decisive challenge facing our generation is the continuing development of climate change conditions in a context of the ongoing expansion of the world population and energy demand
Giulia Stefenelli. Publisher’s Note: Biomass—A New Open Access Journal. Biomass 2021, 1, 60 -60.
AMA StyleGiulia Stefenelli. Publisher’s Note: Biomass—A New Open Access Journal. Biomass. 2021; 1 (1):60-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Stefenelli. 2021. "Publisher’s Note: Biomass—A New Open Access Journal." Biomass 1, no. 1: 60-60.
Solar energy is the basis for life on earth
Yu Lin; Giulia Stefenelli; Liliane Auwerter. Publisher’s Note to Launch Solar. Solar 2021, 1, 1 -1.
AMA StyleYu Lin, Giulia Stefenelli, Liliane Auwerter. Publisher’s Note to Launch Solar. Solar. 2021; 1 (1):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu Lin; Giulia Stefenelli; Liliane Auwerter. 2021. "Publisher’s Note to Launch Solar." Solar 1, no. 1: 1-1.
MDPI has been celebrating its 25th Anniversary in 2021
Xiaoyan Liu; Giulia Stefenelli; Shu-Kun Lin. Publisher’s Note: Architecture—A Journal of Practicality and Artistry. Architecture 2021, 1, 1 -2.
AMA StyleXiaoyan Liu, Giulia Stefenelli, Shu-Kun Lin. Publisher’s Note: Architecture—A Journal of Practicality and Artistry. Architecture. 2021; 1 (1):1-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoyan Liu; Giulia Stefenelli; Shu-Kun Lin. 2021. "Publisher’s Note: Architecture—A Journal of Practicality and Artistry." Architecture 1, no. 1: 1-2.
Improving the understanding of the health and climate impacts of aerosols remains challenging and is restricted by the limitations of current measurement techniques. Detailed investigation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which is typically the dominating fraction of the organic aerosol (OA), requires instrumentation capable of real-time, in situ measurements of molecular composition. In this study, we present the first ambient measurements by a novel extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS). The EESI-TOF-MS was deployed along with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) during summer 2016 at an urban location (Zurich, Switzerland). Positive matrix factorization (PMF), implemented within the Multilinear Engine (ME-2), was applied to the data from both instruments to quantify the primary and secondary contributions to OA. From the EESI-TOF-MS analysis, a six-factor solution was selected as the most representative and interpretable solution for the investigated dataset, including two primary and four secondary factors. The primary factors are dominated by cooking and cigarette smoke signatures while the secondary factors are discriminated according to their daytime (two factors) and night-time (two factors) chemistry. All four factors showed strong influence by biogenic emissions but exhibited significant day–night differences. Factors dominating during daytime showed predominantly ions characteristic of monoterpene and sesquiterpene oxidation while the night-time factors included less oxygenated terpene oxidation products, as well as organonitrates which were likely derived from NO3 radical oxidation of monoterpenes. Overall, the signal measured by the EESI-TOF-MS and AMS showed a good correlation. Further, the two instruments were in excellent agreement in terms of both the mass contribution apportioned to the sum of POA and SOA factors and the total SOA signal. However, while the oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) factors separated by AMS analysis exhibited a flat diurnal pattern, the EESI-TOF-MS factors illustrated significant chemical variation throughout the day. The captured variability, inaccessible from AMS PMF analysis, was shown to be consistent with the variations in the physiochemical processes influencing chemical composition and SOA formation. The improved source separation and interpretability of EESI-TOF-MS results suggest it to be a promising approach to source apportionment and atmospheric composition research.
Giulia Stefenelli; Veronika Pospisilova; Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Christoph Hüglin; Yandong Tong; Urs Baltensperger; André S. H. Prévôt; Jay G. Slowik. Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 1: Biogenic influences and day–night chemistry in summer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 14825 -14848.
AMA StyleGiulia Stefenelli, Veronika Pospisilova, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Christoph Hüglin, Yandong Tong, Urs Baltensperger, André S. H. Prévôt, Jay G. Slowik. Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 1: Biogenic influences and day–night chemistry in summer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (23):14825-14848.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Stefenelli; Veronika Pospisilova; Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Christoph Hüglin; Yandong Tong; Urs Baltensperger; André S. H. Prévôt; Jay G. Slowik. 2019. "Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 1: Biogenic influences and day–night chemistry in summer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 23: 14825-14848.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to contribute to the adverse health effects of aerosols. This may happen by inhaled particle-bound (exogenic) ROS (PB-ROS) or by ROS formed within the respiratory tract by certain aerosol components (endogenic ROS). We investigated the chemical composition of aerosols and their exogenic ROS content at the two contrasting locations Beijing (China) and Bern (Switzerland). We apportioned the ambient organic aerosol to different sources and attributed the observed water-soluble PB-ROS to them. The oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA, a proxy for secondary organic aerosol, SOA) explained the highest fraction of the exogenic ROS concentration variance at both locations. We also characterized primary and secondary aerosol emissions generated from different biogenic and anthropogenic sources in smog chamber experiments. The exogenic PB-ROS content in the OOA from these emission sources was comparable to that in the ambient measurements. Our results imply that SOA from gaseous precursors of different anthropogenic emission sources is a crucial source of water-soluble PB-ROS and should be additionally considered in toxicological and epidemiological studies in an adequate way besides primary emissions. The importance of PB-ROS may be connected to the seasonal trends in health effects of PM reported by epidemiological studies, with elevated incidences of adverse effects in warmer seasons, which are accompanied by more-intense atmospheric oxidation processes.
Jun Zhou; Miriam Elser; Ru-Jin Huang; Manuel Krapf; Roman Fröhlich; Deepika Bhattu; Giulia Stefenelli; Peter Zotter; Emily A. Bruns; Simone M. Pieber; Haiyan Ni; Qiyuan Wang; Yichen Wang; Yaqing Zhou; Chunying Chen; Mao Xiao; Jay G. Slowik; Samuel Brown; Laure-Estelle Cassagnes; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Thomas Nussbaumer; Marianne Geiser; André S. H. Prévôt; Imad El-Haddad; Junji Cao; Urs Baltensperger; Josef Dommen. Predominance of secondary organic aerosol to particle-bound reactive oxygen species activity in fine ambient aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 14703 -14720.
AMA StyleJun Zhou, Miriam Elser, Ru-Jin Huang, Manuel Krapf, Roman Fröhlich, Deepika Bhattu, Giulia Stefenelli, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Simone M. Pieber, Haiyan Ni, Qiyuan Wang, Yichen Wang, Yaqing Zhou, Chunying Chen, Mao Xiao, Jay G. Slowik, Samuel Brown, Laure-Estelle Cassagnes, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Thomas Nussbaumer, Marianne Geiser, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El-Haddad, Junji Cao, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen. Predominance of secondary organic aerosol to particle-bound reactive oxygen species activity in fine ambient aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (23):14703-14720.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Zhou; Miriam Elser; Ru-Jin Huang; Manuel Krapf; Roman Fröhlich; Deepika Bhattu; Giulia Stefenelli; Peter Zotter; Emily A. Bruns; Simone M. Pieber; Haiyan Ni; Qiyuan Wang; Yichen Wang; Yaqing Zhou; Chunying Chen; Mao Xiao; Jay G. Slowik; Samuel Brown; Laure-Estelle Cassagnes; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Thomas Nussbaumer; Marianne Geiser; André S. H. Prévôt; Imad El-Haddad; Junji Cao; Urs Baltensperger; Josef Dommen. 2019. "Predominance of secondary organic aerosol to particle-bound reactive oxygen species activity in fine ambient aerosol." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 23: 14703-14720.
Residential wood combustion remains one of the most important sources of primary organic aerosols (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors during winter. The overwhelming majority of these precursors have not been traditionally considered in regional models, and only recently were lignin pyrolysis products and polycyclic aromatics identified as the principal SOA precursors from flaming wood combustion. The SOA yields of these components in the complex matrix of biomass smoke remain unknown and may not be inferred from smog chamber data based on single-compound systems. Here, we studied the ageing of emissions from flaming and smoldering-dominated wood fires in three different residential stoves, across a wide range of ageing temperatures (−10, 2 and 15 ∘C) and emission loads. Organic gases (OGs) acting as SOA precursors were monitored by a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), while the evolution of the aerosol properties during ageing in the smog chamber was monitored by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). We developed a novel box model based on the volatility basis set (VBS) to determine the volatility distributions of the oxidation products from different precursor classes found in the emissions, grouped according to their emission pathways and SOA production rates. We show for the first time that SOA yields in complex emissions are consistent with those reported in literature from single-compound systems. We identify the main SOA precursors in both flaming and smoldering wood combustion emissions at different temperatures. While single-ring and polycyclic aromatics are significant precursors in flaming emissions, furans generated from cellulose pyrolysis appear to be important for SOA production in the case of smoldering fires. This is especially the case at high loads and low temperatures, given the higher volatility of furan oxidation products predicted by the model. We show that the oxidation products of oxygenated aromatics from lignin pyrolysis are expected to dominate SOA formation, independent of the combustion or ageing conditions, and therefore can be used as promising markers to trace ageing of biomass smoke in the field. The model framework developed herein may be generalizable for other complex emission sources, allowing determination of the contributions of different precursor classes to SOA, at a level of complexity suitable for implementation in regional air quality models.
Giulia Stefenelli; Jianhui Jiang; Amelie Bertrand; Emily A. Bruns; Simone M. Pieber; Urs Baltensperger; Nicolas Marchand; Sebnem Aksoyoglu; André S. H. Prévôt; Jay G. Slowik; Imad El Haddad. Secondary organic aerosol formation from smoldering and flaming combustion of biomass: a box model parametrization based on volatility basis set. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 11461 -11484.
AMA StyleGiulia Stefenelli, Jianhui Jiang, Amelie Bertrand, Emily A. Bruns, Simone M. Pieber, Urs Baltensperger, Nicolas Marchand, Sebnem Aksoyoglu, André S. H. Prévôt, Jay G. Slowik, Imad El Haddad. Secondary organic aerosol formation from smoldering and flaming combustion of biomass: a box model parametrization based on volatility basis set. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (17):11461-11484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Stefenelli; Jianhui Jiang; Amelie Bertrand; Emily A. Bruns; Simone M. Pieber; Urs Baltensperger; Nicolas Marchand; Sebnem Aksoyoglu; André S. H. Prévôt; Jay G. Slowik; Imad El Haddad. 2019. "Secondary organic aerosol formation from smoldering and flaming combustion of biomass: a box model parametrization based on volatility basis set." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 17: 11461-11484.
Real-time, online measurements of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) composition are an essential tool for determining the emissions sources and physicochemical processes governing aerosol effects on climate and health. However, the reliance of current techniques on thermal desorption, hard ionization, and/or separated collection/analysis stages introduces significant uncertainties into OA composition measurements, hindering progress towards these goals. To address this gap, we present a novel, field-deployable extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF), which provides online, near-molecular (i.e., molecular formula) OA measurements at atmospherically relevant concentrations without analyte fragmentation or decomposition. Aerosol particles are continuously sampled into the EESI-TOF, where they intersect a spray of charged droplets generated by a conventional electrospray probe. Soluble components are extracted and then ionized as the droplets are evaporated. The EESI-TOF achieves a linear response to mass, with detection limits on the order of 1 to 10 ng m−3 in 5 s for typical atmospherically relevant compounds. In contrast to conventional electrospray systems, the EESI-TOF response is not significantly affected by a changing OA matrix for the systems investigated. A slight decrease in sensitivity in response to increasing absolute humidity is observed for some ions. Although the relative sensitivities to a variety of commercially available organic standards vary by more than a factor of 30, the bulk sensitivity to secondary organic aerosol generated from individual precursor gases varies by only a factor of 15. Further, the ratio of compound-by-compound sensitivities between the EESI-TOF and an iodide adduct FIGAERO-I-CIMS varies by only ±50 %, suggesting that EESI-TOF mass spectra indeed reflect the actual distribution of detectable compounds in the particle phase. Successful deployments of the EESI-TOF for laboratory environmental chamber measurements, ground-based ambient sampling, and proof-of-concept measurements aboard a research aircraft highlight the versatility and potential of the EESI-TOF system.
Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker; Veronika Pospisilova; Wei Huang; Markus Kalberer; Claudia Mohr; Giulia Stefenelli; Joel A. Thornton; Urs Baltensperger; Andre S. H. Prevot; Jay G. Slowik. An extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) for online measurement of atmospheric aerosol particles. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2019, 12, 4867 -4886.
AMA StyleFelipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Veronika Pospisilova, Wei Huang, Markus Kalberer, Claudia Mohr, Giulia Stefenelli, Joel A. Thornton, Urs Baltensperger, Andre S. H. Prevot, Jay G. Slowik. An extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) for online measurement of atmospheric aerosol particles. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2019; 12 (9):4867-4886.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker; Veronika Pospisilova; Wei Huang; Markus Kalberer; Claudia Mohr; Giulia Stefenelli; Joel A. Thornton; Urs Baltensperger; Andre S. H. Prevot; Jay G. Slowik. 2019. "An extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) for online measurement of atmospheric aerosol particles." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 9: 4867-4886.
Real-time, in situ molecular composition measurements of the organic fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remain challenging, hindering a full understanding of the climate impacts and health effects of PM2.5. In particular, the thermal decomposition and ionization-induced fragmentation affecting current techniques has limited a detailed investigation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which typically dominates OA. Here we deploy a novel extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) during winter 2017 in downtown Zurich, Switzerland, which overcomes these limitations, together with an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and supporting instrumentation. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) implemented within the Multilinear Engine (ME-2) program was applied to the EESI-TOF-MS data to quantify the primary and secondary contributions to OA. An 11-factor solution was selected as the best representation of the data, including five primary and six secondary factors. Primary factors showed influence from cooking, cigarette smoke, biomass burning (two factors) and a special local unknown event occurred only during two nights. Secondary factors were affected by biomass burning (three factors, distinguished by temperature and/or wind direction), organonitrates, monoterpene oxidation, and undetermined regional processing, in particular the contributions of wood combustion. While the AMS attributed slightly over half the OA mass to SOA but did not identify its source, the EESI-TOF-MS showed that most (>70 %) of the SOA was derived from biomass burning. Together with significant contributions from less aged biomass burning factors identified by both AMS and EESI-TOF-MS, this firmly establishes biomass burning as the single most important contributor to OA mass at this site during winter. High correlation was obtained between EESI-TOF-MS and AMS PMF factors where specific analogues existed, as well as between total signal and POA–SOA apportionment. This suggests the EESI-TOF-MS apportionment in the current study can be approximately taken at face value, despite ion-by-ion differences in relative sensitivity. The apportionment of specific ions measured by the EESI-TOF-MS (e.g., levoglucosan, nitrocatechol, and selected organic acids) and utilization of a cluster analysis-based approach to identify key marker ions for the EESI-TOF-MS factors are investigated. The interpretability of the EESI-TOF-MS results and improved source separation relative to the AMS within this pilot campaign validate the EESI-TOF-MS as a promising approach to source apportionment and atmospheric composition research.
Lu Qi; Mindong Chen; Giulia Stefenelli; Veronika Pospisilova; Yandong Tong; Amelie Bertrand; Christoph Hueglin; Xinlei Ge; Urs Baltensperger; André S. H. Prévôt; Jay G. Slowik. Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 2: Biomass burning influences in winter. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 8037 -8062.
AMA StyleLu Qi, Mindong Chen, Giulia Stefenelli, Veronika Pospisilova, Yandong Tong, Amelie Bertrand, Christoph Hueglin, Xinlei Ge, Urs Baltensperger, André S. H. Prévôt, Jay G. Slowik. Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 2: Biomass burning influences in winter. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (12):8037-8062.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu Qi; Mindong Chen; Giulia Stefenelli; Veronika Pospisilova; Yandong Tong; Amelie Bertrand; Christoph Hueglin; Xinlei Ge; Urs Baltensperger; André S. H. Prévôt; Jay G. Slowik. 2019. "Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 2: Biomass burning influences in winter." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 12: 8037-8062.
Improving the understanding of the health and climate impacts of PM1 remains challenging and is restricted by the limitations of current measurement techniques. Detailed investigation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which is typically the dominating fraction of the organic aerosol (OA), requires instrumentation capable of real-time, in situ measurements of molecular composition. In this study, we present the first ambient measurements by a novel extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF). The EESI-TOF was deployed along with a high resolution time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) during summer 2016 at an urban location (Zurich, Switzerland). Positive matrix factorization (PMF), implemented within the Multilinear Engine (ME-2), was applied to the data from both instruments to quantify the primary and secondary contributions to OA. From the EESI-TOF analysis, a 6-factor solution was selected as the most representative and interpretable solution for the investigated dataset, including two primary and four secondary factors. The primary factors are dominated by cooking and cigarette smoke signatures while the secondary factors are discriminated according to their daytime (two factors) and nighttime (two factors) chemistry. All four factors showed strong influence by biogenic emissions but exhibited significant day/night differences. Factors dominating during daytime showed predominantly ions characteristic of monoterpene and sesquiterpene oxidation while the nighttime factors included less oxygenated terpene oxidation products, as well as organonitrates which were likely derived from NO3 radical oxidation of monoterpenes. Overall, the signal measured by the EESI-TOF and AMS showed a good correlation. Further, the two instruments were in excellent agreement in terms of both the mass contribution apportioned to the sum of POA and SOA factors and the total SOA signal. However, while the OOA factors separated by AMS analysis exhibited a flat diurnal pattern, the EESI-TOF factors illustrated significant chemical variation throughout the day. The captured variability, inaccessible from AMS PMF analysis, was shown to be consistent with the variations in the physiochemical processes influencing chemical composition and SOA formation. The improved source separation and interpretability of EESI-TOF results suggest it to be a promising approach to source apportionment and atmospheric composition research.
Giulia Stefenelli; Veronika Pospisilova; Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Christoph Hüglin; Yandong Tong; Urs Baltensperger; Andre S. H. Prevot; Jay G. Slowik. Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (EESI-TOF): Part I, biogenic influences and day/night chemistry in summer. 2019, 2019, 1 -36.
AMA StyleGiulia Stefenelli, Veronika Pospisilova, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Christoph Hüglin, Yandong Tong, Urs Baltensperger, Andre S. H. Prevot, Jay G. Slowik. Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (EESI-TOF): Part I, biogenic influences and day/night chemistry in summer. . 2019; 2019 ():1-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Stefenelli; Veronika Pospisilova; Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Christoph Hüglin; Yandong Tong; Urs Baltensperger; Andre S. H. Prevot; Jay G. Slowik. 2019. "Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (EESI-TOF): Part I, biogenic influences and day/night chemistry in summer." 2019, no. : 1-36.
This study aims at testing the effectiveness of Positive Matrix Factorization in characterizing groundwater and surface water quality, in terms of identifying main hydrochemical features and processes (natural and anthropogenic) that govern them. This method is applied in a hydro-system featured by a strong interrelation between groundwater and surface water and highly impacted by agricultural activities. Therefore, a holistic approach considering groundwater together with the surface water bodies, consisting in lake, several rivers and springs, was used. Multivariate statistical analysis, in particular Factor Analysis, has been proved to be effective in elaborating and interpreting water quality data highlighting the information carried within them, but it presents some limitations: it does not consider data uncertainty and it groups variables which are correlated positively and negatively. Moreover, in some cases the resulting factors are not clearly interpretable, describing each one various overlapping features/processes. Here, Positive Matrix Factorization is applied to groundwater and surface water quality data, and the results are compared to those obtained through a Factor Analysis in terms of both factor profiles and their spatial distribution through a GIS approach. Results of isotopes analysis are used to validate PMF output and support interpretation. Positive Matrix Factorization allows to consider data uncertainty and the solution respects two positivity constraints, based on the concept of chemical mass balance, which leads to a more environmentally interpretable solution. Results show that Positive Matrix Factorization identifies five different factors reflecting main features and natural and anthropogenic processes affecting the study area: 1) surface water used for irrigation, 2) groundwater subjected to reducing processes at advanced stages, 3) groundwater subjected to reducing processes at early stages, 4) groundwater residence time and 5) the effects of the agricultural land use on both groundwater and surface water. Positive Matrix Factorization leads to a more detailed understanding of the studied system as compared to Factor Analysis which identifies only three factors with overlapping information. Based on the results of this study, Positive Matrix Factorization could be a useful technique to perform groundwater and surface water quality characterization and to reach a deeper understanding of the phenomena that govern water chemistry.
C. Zanotti; M. Rotiroti; L. Fumagalli; G.A. Stefania; F. Canonaco; Giulia Stefenelli; A.S.H. Prévôt; B. Leoni; T. Bonomi. Groundwater and surface water quality characterization through positive matrix factorization combined with GIS approach. Water Research 2019, 159, 122 -134.
AMA StyleC. Zanotti, M. Rotiroti, L. Fumagalli, G.A. Stefania, F. Canonaco, Giulia Stefenelli, A.S.H. Prévôt, B. Leoni, T. Bonomi. Groundwater and surface water quality characterization through positive matrix factorization combined with GIS approach. Water Research. 2019; 159 ():122-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Zanotti; M. Rotiroti; L. Fumagalli; G.A. Stefania; F. Canonaco; Giulia Stefenelli; A.S.H. Prévôt; B. Leoni; T. Bonomi. 2019. "Groundwater and surface water quality characterization through positive matrix factorization combined with GIS approach." Water Research 159, no. : 122-134.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to contribute to the adverse health effects of aerosols. This may happen by inhaled particle-bound (exogenic) ROS (PB-ROS) or by ROS formed within the respiratory tract by certain aerosol components (endogenic ROS). We investigated the chemical composition of aerosols and their exogenic ROS content at the two contrasting locations Beijing (China) and Bern (Switzerland). We apportioned the ambient organic aerosol to different sources and attributed the observed PB-ROS to them. The oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA, a proxy for secondary organic aerosol, SOA) explained the highest fraction of the exogenic ROS concentration variance at both locations. We also characterized primary and secondary aerosol emissions generated from different biogenic and anthropogenic sources in smog chamber experiments. The exogenic PB-ROS content in the OOA from these emission sources was comparable to that in the ambient measurements. Our results imply that SOA from gaseous precursors of different anthropogenic emission sources is a crucial source of PB-ROS and should be additionally considered in toxicological and epidemiological studies in an adequate way besides primary emissions. The importance of PB-ROS may be connected to the seasonal trends in health effects of PM reported by epidemiological studies, with elevated incidences of adverse effects in warmer seasons, which are accompanied by more intense atmospheric oxidation processes.
Jun Zhou; Miriam Elser; Ru-Jin Huang; Manuel Krapf; Roman Fröhlich; Deepika Bhattu; Giulia Stefenelli; Peter Zotter; Emily A. Bruns; Simone Pieber; Haiyan Ni; Qiyuan Wang; Yichen Wang; Yaqing Zhou; Chunying Chen; Mao Xiao; Jay G. Slowik; Samuel Brown; Laure-Estelle Cassagnes; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Thomas Nussbaumer; Marianne Geiser; André S.H. Prévôt; Imad El-Haddad; Junji Cao; Urs Baltensperger; Josef Dommen. Predominance of Secondary Organic Aerosol to Particle-bound Reactive Oxygen Species Activity in Fine Ambient Aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 2019, 1 -26.
AMA StyleJun Zhou, Miriam Elser, Ru-Jin Huang, Manuel Krapf, Roman Fröhlich, Deepika Bhattu, Giulia Stefenelli, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Simone Pieber, Haiyan Ni, Qiyuan Wang, Yichen Wang, Yaqing Zhou, Chunying Chen, Mao Xiao, Jay G. Slowik, Samuel Brown, Laure-Estelle Cassagnes, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Thomas Nussbaumer, Marianne Geiser, André S.H. Prévôt, Imad El-Haddad, Junji Cao, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen. Predominance of Secondary Organic Aerosol to Particle-bound Reactive Oxygen Species Activity in Fine Ambient Aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 2019 ():1-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Zhou; Miriam Elser; Ru-Jin Huang; Manuel Krapf; Roman Fröhlich; Deepika Bhattu; Giulia Stefenelli; Peter Zotter; Emily A. Bruns; Simone Pieber; Haiyan Ni; Qiyuan Wang; Yichen Wang; Yaqing Zhou; Chunying Chen; Mao Xiao; Jay G. Slowik; Samuel Brown; Laure-Estelle Cassagnes; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Thomas Nussbaumer; Marianne Geiser; André S.H. Prévôt; Imad El-Haddad; Junji Cao; Urs Baltensperger; Josef Dommen. 2019. "Predominance of Secondary Organic Aerosol to Particle-bound Reactive Oxygen Species Activity in Fine Ambient Aerosol." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, no. : 1-26.
We have systematically examined the gas and particle phase emissions from seven wood combustion devices. Among total carbon mass emitted (excluding CO2), CO emissions were dominant, together with nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) (10–40%). Automated devices emitted 1–3 orders of magnitude lower CH4 (0.002–0.60 g kg–1 of wood) and NMVOCs (0.01–1 g kg–1 of wood) compared to batch-operated devices (CH4: 0.25–2.80 g kg–1 of wood; NMVOCs: 2.5–19 g kg–1 of wood). 60–90% of the total NMVOCs were emitted in the starting phase of batch-operated devices, except for the first load cycles. Partial-load conditions or deviations from the normal recommended operating conditions, such as use of wet wood/wheat pellets, oxygen rich or deficit conditions, significantly enhanced the emissions. NMVOCs were largely dominated by small carboxylic acids and alcohols, and furans. Despite the large variability in NMVOCs emission strengths, the relative contribution of different classes showed large similarities among different devices and combustion phases. We show that specific improper operating conditions may even for advanced technology not result in the emission reduction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) forming compounds and thus not reduce the impact of wood combustion on climate and health.
Deepika Bhattu; Peter Zotter; Jun Zhou; Giulia Stefenelli; Felix Klein; Amelie Bertrand; Brice Temime-Roussel; Nicolas Marchand; Jay G. Slowik; Urs Baltensperger; André Stephan Henry Prévôt; Thomas Nussbaumer; Imad El Haddad; Josef Dommen. Effect of Stove Technology and Combustion Conditions on Gas and Particulate Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53, 2209 -2219.
AMA StyleDeepika Bhattu, Peter Zotter, Jun Zhou, Giulia Stefenelli, Felix Klein, Amelie Bertrand, Brice Temime-Roussel, Nicolas Marchand, Jay G. Slowik, Urs Baltensperger, André Stephan Henry Prévôt, Thomas Nussbaumer, Imad El Haddad, Josef Dommen. Effect of Stove Technology and Combustion Conditions on Gas and Particulate Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology. 2019; 53 (4):2209-2219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeepika Bhattu; Peter Zotter; Jun Zhou; Giulia Stefenelli; Felix Klein; Amelie Bertrand; Brice Temime-Roussel; Nicolas Marchand; Jay G. Slowik; Urs Baltensperger; André Stephan Henry Prévôt; Thomas Nussbaumer; Imad El Haddad; Josef Dommen. 2019. "Effect of Stove Technology and Combustion Conditions on Gas and Particulate Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 4: 2209-2219.
Vapor wall loss has only recently been shown a potentially significant bias in atmospheric chamber studies. Yet, previous works aiming at the determination of the degradation rate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) often did not account for this process. Here, we evaluate the influence of vapor wall loss on the determination of the gas-phase reaction rate kOH of several biomass burning markers (levoglucosan, mannosan, coniferyl aldehyde, 3-guaiacyl propanol, and acetosyringone) with hydroxyl radicals (OH). Emissions from the combustion of beech wood were injected into a 5.5 m3 Teflon atmospheric chamber, and aged for 4 h (equivalent to 5–8 h in the atmosphere). The particle-phase compound concentrations were monitored using a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TAG-AMS). The observed depletion of the concentration was later modeled using two different approaches: the previously published approach which does not take into consideration partitioning and vapor wall loss, and an approach with a more complex theoretical framework which integrates all the processes likely influencing the particle-phase concentration. We find that with the first approach one fails to predict the measured markers' concentration time evolution. With the second approach, we determine that partitioning and vapor wall loss play a predominant role in the particle-phase concentration depletion of all the compounds, while the reactivity with OH has a non-significative effect. Furthermore, we show that kOH cannot be determined precisely without a strong constraint of the whole set of physical parameters necessary to formally describe the various processes involved. It was found that the knowledge of the saturation mass concentration C* is especially crucial. Therefore, previously published rate constants of levoglucosan and more generally SVOCs with hydroxyl radicals inferred from atmospheric chamber experiments must be, at least, considered with caution.
Amelie Bertrand; Giulia Stefenelli; Simone M. Pieber; Emily A. Bruns; Brice Temime-Roussel; Jay G. Slowik; Henri Wortham; André S. H. Prévôt; Imad El Haddad; Nicolas Marchand. Influence of the vapor wall loss on the degradation rate constants in chamber experiments of levoglucosan and other biomass burning markers. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18, 10915 -10930.
AMA StyleAmelie Bertrand, Giulia Stefenelli, Simone M. Pieber, Emily A. Bruns, Brice Temime-Roussel, Jay G. Slowik, Henri Wortham, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand. Influence of the vapor wall loss on the degradation rate constants in chamber experiments of levoglucosan and other biomass burning markers. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18 (15):10915-10930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmelie Bertrand; Giulia Stefenelli; Simone M. Pieber; Emily A. Bruns; Brice Temime-Roussel; Jay G. Slowik; Henri Wortham; André S. H. Prévôt; Imad El Haddad; Nicolas Marchand. 2018. "Influence of the vapor wall loss on the degradation rate constants in chamber experiments of levoglucosan and other biomass burning markers." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 15: 10915-10930.
A thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph coupled to a high resolution – time of flight – aerosol mass spectrometer (TAG-AMS) was connected to an atmospheric chamber for the molecular characterization of the evolution of organic aerosol (OA) emitted by woodstove appliances for residential heating. Two log woodstoves (old and modern) and one pellet stove were operated under typical conditions. Emissions were aged during a time equivalent to 5 h of atmospheric aging. The five to seven samples were collected and analyzed with the TAG-AMS during each experiment. We detected and quantified over 70 compounds, including levoglucosan and nitrocatechols. We calculate the emission factor (EF) of these tracers in the primary emissions and highlight the influence of the combustion efficiency on these emissions. Smoldering combustion contributes to a higher EF and a more complex composition. We also demonstrate the effect of atmospheric aging on the chemical fingerprint. The tracers are sorted into three categories according to the evolution of their concentration: primary compounds, non-conventional primary compounds, and secondary compounds. For each, we provide a quantitative overview of their contribution to the OA mass at different times of the photo-oxidative process.
Amelie Bertrand; Giulia Stefenelli; Coty N. Jen; Simone M. Pieber; Emily A. Bruns; Haiyan Ni; Brice Temime-Roussel; Jay G. Slowik; Allen H. Goldstein; Imad El Haddad; Urs Baltensperger; André S. H. Prévôt; Henri Wortham; Nicolas Marchand. Evolution of the chemical fingerprint of biomass burning organic aerosol during aging. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18, 7607 -7624.
AMA StyleAmelie Bertrand, Giulia Stefenelli, Coty N. Jen, Simone M. Pieber, Emily A. Bruns, Haiyan Ni, Brice Temime-Roussel, Jay G. Slowik, Allen H. Goldstein, Imad El Haddad, Urs Baltensperger, André S. H. Prévôt, Henri Wortham, Nicolas Marchand. Evolution of the chemical fingerprint of biomass burning organic aerosol during aging. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18 (10):7607-7624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmelie Bertrand; Giulia Stefenelli; Coty N. Jen; Simone M. Pieber; Emily A. Bruns; Haiyan Ni; Brice Temime-Roussel; Jay G. Slowik; Allen H. Goldstein; Imad El Haddad; Urs Baltensperger; André S. H. Prévôt; Henri Wortham; Nicolas Marchand. 2018. "Evolution of the chemical fingerprint of biomass burning organic aerosol during aging." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 10: 7607-7624.
Wood combustion emissions can induce oxidative stress in the human respiratory tract by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aerosol particles, which are emitted either directly or formed through oxidation in the atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the particle-bound ROS (PB-ROS) generation potential of wood combustion emissions, a suite of smog chamber (SC) and potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber experiments were conducted under well-determined conditions for different combustion devices and technologies, different fuel types, operation methods, combustion regimes, combustion phases, and aging conditions. The PB-ROS content and the chemical properties of the aerosols were quantified by a novel ROS analyzer using the DCFH (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin) assay and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). For all eight combustion devices tested, primary PB-ROS concentrations substantially increased upon aging. The level of primary and aged PB-ROS emission factors (EFROS) were dominated by the combustion device (within different combustion technologies) and to a greater extent by the combustion regimes: the variability within one device was much higher than the variability of EFROS from different devices. Aged EFROS under bad combustion conditions were ∼ 2–80 times higher than under optimum combustion conditions. EFROS from automatically operated combustion devices were on average 1 order of magnitude lower than those from manually operated devices, which indicates that automatic combustion devices operated at optimum conditions to achieve near-complete combustion should be employed to minimize PB-ROS emissions. The use of an electrostatic precipitator decreased the primary and aged ROS emissions by a factor of ∼ 1.5 which is however still within the burn-to-burn variability. The parameters controlling the PB-ROS formation in secondary organic aerosol were investigated by employing a regression model, including the fractions of the mass-to-charge ratios m∕z 44 and 43 in secondary organic aerosol (SOA; f44−SOA and f43−SOA), the OH exposure, and the total organic aerosol mass. The regression model results of the SC and PAM chamber aging experiments indicate that the PB-ROS content in SOA seems to increase with the SOA oxidation state, which initially increases with OH exposure and decreases with the additional partitioning of semi-volatile components with lower PB-ROS content at higher OA concentrations, while further aging seems to result in a decay of PB-ROS. The results and the special data analysis methods deployed in this study could provide a model for PB-ROS analysis of further wood or other combustion studies investigating different combustion conditions and aging methods.
Jun Zhou; Peter Zotter; Emily A. Bruns; Giulia Stefenelli; Deepika Bhattu; Samuel Brown; Amelie Bertrand; Nicolas Marchand; Houssni Lamkaddam; Jay G. Slowik; André S. H. Prévôt; Urs Baltensperger; Thomas Nussbaumer; Imad El-Haddad; Josef Dommen. Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (PB-ROS) emissions and formation pathways in residential wood smoke under different combustion and aging conditions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18, 6985 -7000.
AMA StyleJun Zhou, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Giulia Stefenelli, Deepika Bhattu, Samuel Brown, Amelie Bertrand, Nicolas Marchand, Houssni Lamkaddam, Jay G. Slowik, André S. H. Prévôt, Urs Baltensperger, Thomas Nussbaumer, Imad El-Haddad, Josef Dommen. Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (PB-ROS) emissions and formation pathways in residential wood smoke under different combustion and aging conditions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18 (10):6985-7000.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Zhou; Peter Zotter; Emily A. Bruns; Giulia Stefenelli; Deepika Bhattu; Samuel Brown; Amelie Bertrand; Nicolas Marchand; Houssni Lamkaddam; Jay G. Slowik; André S. H. Prévôt; Urs Baltensperger; Thomas Nussbaumer; Imad El-Haddad; Josef Dommen. 2018. "Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (PB-ROS) emissions and formation pathways in residential wood smoke under different combustion and aging conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 10: 6985-7000.
Residential coal combustion is a significant contributor to particulate urban air pollution in Chinese mega cities and some regions in Europe. While the particulate emission factors and the chemical characteristics of the organic and inorganic aerosol from coal combustion have been extensively studied, the chemical composition and nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) emission factors from residential coal combustion are mostly unknown. We conducted 23 individual burns in a traditional Chinese stove used for heating and cooking using five different coals with Chinese origins, characterizing the NMOG emissions using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The measured emission factors range from 1.5 to 14.1 g/kgcoal for bituminous coals and are below 0.1 g/kgcoal for anthracite coals. The emission factors from the bituminous coals are mostly influenced by the time until the coal is fully ignited. The emissions from the bituminous coals are dominated by aromatic and oxygenated aromatic compounds with a significant contribution of hydrocarbons. The results of this study can help to improve urban air pollution modeling in China and Eastern Europe and can be used to constrain a coal burning factor in ambient gas phase positive matrix factorization studies.
Felix Klein; Simone M. Pieber; Haiyan Ni; Giulia Stefenelli; Amelie Bertrand; Dogushan Kilic; Veronika Pospisilova; Brice Temime-Roussel; Nicolas Marchand; Imad El Haddad; Jay G. Slowik; Urs Baltensperger; Junji Cao; Ru-Jin Huang; André S. H. Prévôt. Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Residential Coal Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52, 2612 -2617.
AMA StyleFelix Klein, Simone M. Pieber, Haiyan Ni, Giulia Stefenelli, Amelie Bertrand, Dogushan Kilic, Veronika Pospisilova, Brice Temime-Roussel, Nicolas Marchand, Imad El Haddad, Jay G. Slowik, Urs Baltensperger, Junji Cao, Ru-Jin Huang, André S. H. Prévôt. Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Residential Coal Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52 (5):2612-2617.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelix Klein; Simone M. Pieber; Haiyan Ni; Giulia Stefenelli; Amelie Bertrand; Dogushan Kilic; Veronika Pospisilova; Brice Temime-Roussel; Nicolas Marchand; Imad El Haddad; Jay G. Slowik; Urs Baltensperger; Junji Cao; Ru-Jin Huang; André S. H. Prévôt. 2018. "Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Residential Coal Combustion." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 5: 2612-2617.
Inhalation of atmospheric particles is linked to human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in these atmospheric aerosols may play an important role. However, the ROS content in aerosols and their formation pathways are still largely unknown. Here, we have developed an online and offline ROS analyzer using a 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) based assay. The ROS analyzer was calibrated with H2O2 and its sensitivity was characterized using a suite of model organic compounds. The instrument detection limit determined as 3 times the noise is 1.3 nmol L−1 for offline analysis and 2 nmol m−3 of sampled air when the instrument is operated online at a fluorescence response time of approximately 8 min, while the offline method detection limit is 18 nmol L−1. Potential interferences from gas-phase O3 and NO2 as well as matrix effects of particulate SO42− and NO3− were tested, but not observed. Fe3+ had no influence on the ROS signal, while soluble Fe2+ reduced it if present at high concentrations in the extracts. Both online and offline methods were applied to identify the ROS content of different aerosol types, i.e., ambient aerosols as well as fresh and aged aerosols from wood combustion emissions. The stability of the ROS was assessed by comparing the ROS concentration measured by the same instrumentation online in situ with offline measurements. We also analyzed the evolution of ROS in specific samples by conducting the analysis after storage times of up to 4 months. The ROS were observed to decay with increasing storage duration. From their decay behavior, ROS in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can be separated into short- and long-lived fractions. The half-life of the short-lived fraction was 1.7 ± 0.4 h, while the half-life of the long-lived fraction could not be determined with our uncertainties. All these measurements showed consistently that on average 60 ± 20 % of the ROS were very reactive and disappeared during the filter storage time. This demonstrates the importance of a fast online measurement of ROS.
Jun Zhou; Emily A. Bruns; Peter Zotter; Giulia Stefenelli; Andre Prevot; Urs Baltensperger; Imad El-Haddad; Josef Dommen. Development, characterization and first deployment of an improved online reactive oxygen species analyzer. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2018, 11, 65 -80.
AMA StyleJun Zhou, Emily A. Bruns, Peter Zotter, Giulia Stefenelli, Andre Prevot, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El-Haddad, Josef Dommen. Development, characterization and first deployment of an improved online reactive oxygen species analyzer. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2018; 11 (1):65-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Zhou; Emily A. Bruns; Peter Zotter; Giulia Stefenelli; Andre Prevot; Urs Baltensperger; Imad El-Haddad; Josef Dommen. 2018. "Development, characterization and first deployment of an improved online reactive oxygen species analyzer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 1: 65-80.
Long-term monitoring of organic aerosol is important for epidemiological studies, validation of atmospheric models, and air quality management. In this study, we apply a recently developed filter-based offline methodology using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) to investigate the regional and seasonal differences of contributing organic aerosol sources. We present offline AMS measurements for particulate matter smaller than 10 µm at nine stations in central Europe with different exposure characteristics for the entire year of 2013 (819 samples). The focus of this study is a detailed source apportionment analysis (using positive matrix factorization, PMF) including in-depth assessment of the related uncertainties. Primary organic aerosol (POA) is separated in three components: hydrocarbon-like OA related to traffic emissions (HOA), cooking OA (COA), and biomass burning OA (BBOA). We observe enhanced production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in summer, following the increase in biogenic emissions with temperature (summer oxygenated OA, SOOA). In addition, a SOA component was extracted that correlated with an anthropogenic secondary inorganic species that is dominant in winter (winter oxygenated OA, WOOA). A factor (sulfur-containing organic, SC-OA) explaining sulfur-containing fragments (CH3SO2+), which has an event-driven temporal behaviour, was also identified. The relative yearly average factor contributions range from 4 to 14 % for HOA, from 3 to 11 % for COA, from 11 to 59 % for BBOA, from 5 to 23 % for SC-OA, from 14 to 27 % for WOOA, and from 15 to 38 % for SOOA. The uncertainty of the relative average factor contribution lies between 2 and 12 % of OA. At the sites north of the alpine crest, the sum of HOA, COA, and BBOA (POA) contributes less to OA (POA / OA = 0.3) than at the southern alpine valley sites (0.6). BBOA is the main contributor to POA with 87 % in alpine valleys and 42 % north of the alpine crest. Furthermore, the influence of primary biological particles (PBOAs), not resolved by PMF, is estimated and could contribute significantly to OA in PM10.
Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Giulia Stefenelli; Carlo Bozzetti; Athanasia Vlachou; Paola Fermo; Raquel Gonzalez; Andrea Piazzalunga; Cristina Colombi; Francesco Canonaco; Christoph Hueglin; Anne Kasper-Giebl; Jean-Luc Jaffrezo; Federico Bianchi; Jay G. Slowik; Urs Baltensperger; Imad El-Haddad; André S. H. Prévôt. Long-term chemical analysis and organic aerosol source apportionment at nine sites in central Europe: source identification and uncertainty assessment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17, 13265 -13282.
AMA StyleKaspar R. Daellenbach, Giulia Stefenelli, Carlo Bozzetti, Athanasia Vlachou, Paola Fermo, Raquel Gonzalez, Andrea Piazzalunga, Cristina Colombi, Francesco Canonaco, Christoph Hueglin, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Federico Bianchi, Jay G. Slowik, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El-Haddad, André S. H. Prévôt. Long-term chemical analysis and organic aerosol source apportionment at nine sites in central Europe: source identification and uncertainty assessment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017; 17 (21):13265-13282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaspar R. Daellenbach; Giulia Stefenelli; Carlo Bozzetti; Athanasia Vlachou; Paola Fermo; Raquel Gonzalez; Andrea Piazzalunga; Cristina Colombi; Francesco Canonaco; Christoph Hueglin; Anne Kasper-Giebl; Jean-Luc Jaffrezo; Federico Bianchi; Jay G. Slowik; Urs Baltensperger; Imad El-Haddad; André S. H. Prévôt. 2017. "Long-term chemical analysis and organic aerosol source apportionment at nine sites in central Europe: source identification and uncertainty assessment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 21: 13265-13282.
Amelie Bertrand; Giulia Stefenelli; Emily A. Bruns; Simone M. Pieber; Brice Temime-Roussel; Jay G. Slowik; Andre Prevot; Henri Wortham; Imad El Haddad; Nicolas Marchand. Primary emissions and secondary aerosol production potential from woodstoves for residential heating: Influence of the stove technology and combustion efficiency. Atmospheric Environment 2017, 169, 65 -79.
AMA StyleAmelie Bertrand, Giulia Stefenelli, Emily A. Bruns, Simone M. Pieber, Brice Temime-Roussel, Jay G. Slowik, Andre Prevot, Henri Wortham, Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand. Primary emissions and secondary aerosol production potential from woodstoves for residential heating: Influence of the stove technology and combustion efficiency. Atmospheric Environment. 2017; 169 ():65-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmelie Bertrand; Giulia Stefenelli; Emily A. Bruns; Simone M. Pieber; Brice Temime-Roussel; Jay G. Slowik; Andre Prevot; Henri Wortham; Imad El Haddad; Nicolas Marchand. 2017. "Primary emissions and secondary aerosol production potential from woodstoves for residential heating: Influence of the stove technology and combustion efficiency." Atmospheric Environment 169, no. : 65-79.
J. J. Fallon; Giulia Stefenelli; H. Grant; R. M. Voytovich. Insulin-Related Hospital Incidents. Diabetes Care 1986, 9, 98 -99.
AMA StyleJ. J. Fallon, Giulia Stefenelli, H. Grant, R. M. Voytovich. Insulin-Related Hospital Incidents. Diabetes Care. 1986; 9 (1):98-99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. J. Fallon; Giulia Stefenelli; H. Grant; R. M. Voytovich. 1986. "Insulin-Related Hospital Incidents." Diabetes Care 9, no. 1: 98-99.