Dental caries is one of the most common problems of the oral cavity which is frequently observed in older people. The aim of this study is to evaluate serum C-reactive proteins (CRP) levels and to identify the correlation between dental caries and CRP levels. The study included 12 aged patients with an average age of 65-years; the patients were diagnosed with dental caries and did not have clinical history of heart diseases, rheumatoid arthritis or any other infection. The control group consisted of 10 healthy donors with an average age of 60-years. The CRP level of positive samples was measured by using CRP Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-ELISA Kit. The currents study showed that only 5 out of 12 patients were CRP positive. Because of study limitations, it is early to conclude of close relationship between serum CRP and dental caries from the findings of this study; however, this study will give a clearer picture to understand the relationship between serum CRP, inflammatory cytokines and dental caries.

Posterior dislocation of the shoulder is a rare injury that occurs secondary to trauma and seizures. Diagnosis is often missed and treatment is challenging. Neglected posterior dislocation is associated with Hill-Sachs lesion which leads to locking of dislocation. Correct diagnosis is achieved by history taking, a physical examination and appropriate imaging. In neglected shoulder dislocation with uncontrolled seizure and humeral head defects of up to 45% the McLaughlin procedure shows excellent results at follow-up.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.314.8231How to cite this:Amir MA, Alenazi B, Wyse RKH, Tamimi W, Kujan O, Khan T, et al. Neglected bilateral posterior shoulder fracture dislocation in an uncontrolled seizure patient. Pak J Med Sci 2015;31(4):1018-1020.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a common hematological disease affecting humans. Detection of a single base pair mutation in β-globin gene is an important diagnostic tool for SCA. The aim was to study the molecular survey of locus control regions (LCR) in Saudi patients with sickle cell anemia, and to identify the genetic variables and their clinical manifestations. Blood samples from 69 unrelated sickle cell disease patients were obtained from the KKUH, Riyadh between 2017-2019. In this study, the DNA was extracted and PCR was performed. Additional PCR amplifications reactions covering the LCR were performed by using another different set of primers. Seven specific primer pairs were used to amplify seven regions in the locus control region (LCR) of β globin family. The generated fragments were sequenced to identify the possible alterations in this region. The results gained from sequencing experiments revealed a wide range of genomic alterations. A total of 69 gene alterations have been recognized in the locus control region;- The first fragment LCR-HS1 shows 20 alterations; The second fragment LCR-HS2 revealed six changes; The third fragment LCR-HS3 shows many changes; The fifth LCR-HS5 region revealed four changes; The sixth fragment LCR-HS6 revealed eight changes; The seventh LCR-HS7 fragment demonstrates ten changes. It clear that this study has successfully identified LCR mutations for random Saudi patients with SCD. The above results should be taken further to set up management strategies to improve outcomes.

While the relationship between cellular apoptosis and proliferation rates in COVID patients remains underexplored in existing literature, various viruses are known to impact these fundamental process to modulate response to infection. This paper aims to assess apoptosis and proliferation rates in individuals recently infected with Coronavirus, both before and after vaccination, comparing them with healthy controls. Peripheral blood cells from newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients revealed a significant increase in proliferation and apoptosis levels in fresh lymphocytes and granulocytes compared to healthy donors. Notably, as none of the patients were under corticosteroid therapy or cytotoxic drugs, the study underscores the critical role of white blood (WBC) apoptosis in viral pathogenesis, potentially contributing significantly to COVID-19′s pathogenicity. Elevated levels of soluble Fas ligand (FaSL) and the pro-inflatmmatory cytokine IL-38 were identified in COVID-19 patients, indicating potential immune dysregulation. Furthermore, individual who received the vaccine or recovered from COVID-19 exhibited higher survivin rates, suggesting a protective role for survivin in migitating lung damage. These findings suggest the prospect of developing a strategy to prevent WBC apoptosis, offering potential benefits in averting lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19 ouctomes.

Beta-thalassemias are a group of inherited blood disorders caused by reduced or absent synthesis of beta chain of hemoglobin resulting in variable phenotypes ranging from clinically asymptomatic individuals to severe anemia symptoms. The objective of this study is to screen for the whole beta gene globulin and the LCR region and its clinical relevance in β-Thalassemia patients. In this study, we collected 140 blood patients' samples with beta-thalassemia from different areas of Saudi Arabia. DNA was then extracted then the molecular scanning for the whole β-globin gene and the Locus control region (β-LCR) for patients' samples, was run using PCR. Sixty one mutations found in this study, including 22 new mutations not recorded in the database before. These deletions including: (*C-1960-1961 ca/-- del in hbb5) and (*c-519C A het in hbb9). Interestingly, the highest percentage in gene deletion occurred in exon 03A by ∼33% of the samples, while the highest percentage in gene addition of the gene occurred in exon 03B by ∼25%. This study was unique to show several new mutations that would help in diagnosis and treatment. These results should be taken further to set up better management strategies to improve outcomes.