Wafer-enhanced electrodeionization (WE-EDI) is an electrically driven separations technology that occurs under the influence of an applied electric field and heavily depends on ion exchange resin chemistry. Unlike filtration processes, WE-EDI can be used to selectively remove ions even from high concentration systems. Because every excess ion transported increases the operating costs, the selective separation offered by WE-EDI can provide a more energy-efficient and cost-effective process, especially for highly concentrated salt solutions. This work reports the performance comparison of four commonly used cation exchange resins (Amberlite IR120 Na⁺, Amberlite IRP 69, Dowex MAC 3 H⁺, and Amberlite CG 50) and their influence on the current efficiency and selectivity for the removal of cations from a highly concentrated salt stream. The current efficiencies were high for all the resin types studied. Results also revealed that weak cation exchange resins favor the transport of the monovalent ion (Na⁺) while strong cation exchange resins either had no strong preference or preferred to transport the divalent ions (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺). Moreover, the strong cation exchange resins in powder form generally performed better in wafers than those in the bead form for the selective removal of divalent ions (selectivity > 1). To further understand the impact of particle size, resins in the bead form were ground into a powder. After grinding the strong cation resins displayed similar behavior (more consistent current efficiency and preference for transporting divalent ions) to the strong cation resins in powder form. This indicates the importance of resin size in the performance of wafers.

Microalgae have been extensively tested for their ability to create bio-based fuels. Microalgae have also been explored as an alternative wastewater treatment solution due to their significant uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as their ability to grow in different water types. Recently, there has been significant interest in combining these two characteristics to create economic and environmentally friendly biofuel using wastewater. This study examined the growth and lipid production of the microalgae Porphyridium (P.) cruentum grown in swine wastewater (ultra-filtered and raw) as compared with control media (L⁻¹, modified f/2) at two different salt concentrations (seawater and saltwater). The cultivation of P. cruentum in the treated swine wastewater media (seawater = 5.18 ± 2.3 mgL⁻¹day⁻¹, saltwater = 3.32 ± 1.93 mgL⁻¹day⁻¹) resulted in a statistically similar biomass productivity compared to the control medium (seawater = 2.61 ± 2.47 mgL⁻¹day⁻¹, saltwater = 6.53 ± 0.81 mgL⁻¹day⁻¹) at the corresponding salt concentration. Furthermore, no major differences between the fatty acid compositions of microalgae in the treated swine wastewater medium and the control medium were observed. For all conditions, saturated acids were present in the highest amounts (≥67%), followed by polyunsaturated (≤22%) and finally monounsaturated (≤12%). This is the first study to find that P. cruentum could be used to remediate wastewater and then be turned into fuel by using swine wastewater with a similar productivity to the microalgae grown in control media.

Chlorella sorokiana CTT 7727 was cultivated and the accumulated lipids extracted using ultrasound and agitation combined with solvents. The yields of lipids increased with the polarity of the solvent. The obtained yields were 14–16% for a mixture of chloroform and methanol (2:1), 9–15% for methanol, and 5–13% for ethanol. Chloroform and hexane did not surpass 3% of the recovered lipids. Despite the polarity of the solvents affected the yields of lipids, fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) amounts and profiles were similar. C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were the FAMEs present in higher contents. C. sorokiniana has predominantly polar lipids, which could be extracted using ethanol. The productivity of lipids extracted did not exceed 5 mg mL⁻¹ h⁻¹ for all methods. The FAMEs have the potential to be used as blends with other biodiesels to increase their properties.