In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been used in most if not all domains and has greatly benefited our lives. While AI can accurately extract critical features and valuable information from large amounts of data to help people complete tasks faster, there are growing concerns about the non-transparency of AI in the decision-making process. The emergence of explainable AI (XAI) has allowed humans to better understand and control AI systems, which is motivated to provide transparent explanations for the decisions made by AI. This article aims to present a comprehensive overview of recent research on XAI approaches from three well-defined taxonomies. We offer an in-depth analysis and summary of the status and prospects of XAI applications in several key areas where reliable explanations are urgently needed to avoid mistakes in decision-making. We conclude by discussing XAI’s limitations and future research directions.

Taking time to identify expected products and waiting for the checkout in a retail store are common scenes we all encounter in our daily lives. The realization of automatic product recognition has great significance for both economic and social progress because it is more reliable than manual operation and time-saving. Product recognition via images is a challenging task in the field of computer vision. It receives increasing consideration due to the great application prospect, such as automatic checkout, stock tracking, planogram compliance, and visually impaired assistance. In recent years, deep learning enjoys a flourishing evolution with tremendous achievements in image classification and object detection. This article aims to present a comprehensive literature review of recent research on deep learning-based retail product recognition. More specifically, this paper reviews the key challenges of deep learning for retail product recognition and discusses potential techniques that can be helpful for the research of the topic. Next, we provide the details of public datasets which could be used for deep learning. Finally, we conclude the current progress and point new perspectives to the research of related fields.

Nowadays, computer vision with 3D (dimension) object detection and 6D (degree of freedom) pose assumptions are widely discussed and studied in the field. In the 3D object detection process, classifications are centered on the object’s size, position, and direction. And in 6D pose assumptions, networks emphasize 3D translation and rotation vectors. Successful application of these strategies can have a huge impact on various machine learning-based applications, including the autonomous vehicles, the robotics industry, and the augmented reality sector. Although extensive work has been done on 3D object detection with a pose assumption from RGB images, the challenges have not been fully resolved. Our analysis provides a comprehensive review of the proposed contemporary techniques for complete 3D object detection and the recovery of 6D pose assumptions of an object. In this review research paper, we have discussed several proposed sophisticated methods in 3D object detection and 6D pose estimation, including some popular data sets, evaluation matrix, and proposed method challenges. Most importantly, this study makes an effort to offer some possible future directions in 3D object detection and 6D pose estimation. We accept the autonomous vehicle as the sample case for this detailed review. Finally, this review provides a complete overview of the latest in-depth learning-based research studies related to 3D object detection and 6D pose estimation systems and also points out a comparison between some popular frameworks. To be more concise, we propose a detailed summary of the state-of-the-art techniques of modern deep learning-based object detection and pose estimation models.

Student performance predictive analysis has played a vital role in education in recent years. It allows for the understanding students’ learning behaviours, the identification of at-risk students, and the development of insights into teaching and learning improvement. Recently, many researchers have used data collected from Learning Management Systems to predict student performance. This study investigates the potential of clickstream data for this purpose. A total of 5341 sample students and their click behaviour data from the OULAD (Open University Learning Analytics Dataset) are used. The raw clickstream data are transformed, integrating the time and activity dimensions of students’ click actions. Two feature sets are extracted, indicating the number of clicks on 12 learning sites based on weekly and monthly time intervals. For both feature sets, the experiments are performed to compare deep learning algorithms (including LSTM and 1D-CNN) with traditional machine learning approaches. It is found that the LSTM algorithm outperformed other approaches on a range of evaluation metrics, with up to 90.25% accuracy. Four out of twelve learning sites (content, subpage, homepage, quiz) are identified as critical in influencing student performance in the course. The insights from these critical learning sites can inform the design of future courses and teaching interventions to support at-risk students.