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This study investigated the associations between biological and environmental factors and gross-motor coordination (GMC) in Peruvian children and adolescents. The sample comprised 7401 boys and girls, aged 6–14 years, recruited from three geographical regions: sea-level, Amazon and high-altitude. Biological variables included age, sex, height, BMI, physical fitness, stunting, and maturational status. Environmental influences included geographical region and school characteristics. Gross-motor coordination was tested with the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder and the data analyzed by multilevel logistic regression. Results showed a high prevalence of below normal GMC scores. Sex, age, geographical area, biological maturation, BMI (normal versus overweight/obesity), and stunting were all significant predictors of GMC. There was also an interaction between age, sex, and geographical area indicating that older girls who lived at sea-level and high-altitude were more likely to display below normal GMC scores. The school context was less important in predicting GMC problems than the interplay between biological characteristics and geographical region. These results suggest that early identification, as well as educational and pediatric care interventions, are of importance in reducing below normal GMC among Peruvian children and adolescents.
Sara Pereira; Alcibíades Bustamante; Carla Santos; Donald Hedeker; Go Tani; Rui Garganta; Olga Vasconcelos; Adam Baxter-Jones; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. Biological and environmental influences on motor coordination in Peruvian children and adolescents. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Alcibíades Bustamante, Carla Santos, Donald Hedeker, Go Tani, Rui Garganta, Olga Vasconcelos, Adam Baxter-Jones, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia. Biological and environmental influences on motor coordination in Peruvian children and adolescents. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Alcibíades Bustamante; Carla Santos; Donald Hedeker; Go Tani; Rui Garganta; Olga Vasconcelos; Adam Baxter-Jones; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2021. "Biological and environmental influences on motor coordination in Peruvian children and adolescents." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.
Background: The environment can play a relevant role in performance in runners. This study aimed to verify the distribution of the best European road runners across the continent, and to investigate variables related to country representatives in the European Senior outdoor top list 2019. Methods: The sample comprised 563 European runners, aged 18–48 years, ranked in the European Senior outdoor top list 2019 for distances of 10–42 km. Country-related variables were gross domestic product (GDP), competition place, population size, and sports investment. The countries were categorized as “top ten countries” or “other countries”. Binary logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: The United Kingdom showed the highest prevalence of runners in the ranking (men—17.6%; women—23.0%), followed by Spain (male ranking—12.1%) and Germany (female ranking—8.6%). For men, sports investment (OR = 1.13; CI95% = 1.03–1.28) and country GDP (OR = 0.96; CI95% = 0.93–0.98) showed an association with the chances of the athlete to reach the Top 10 ranking, while among women, the only variable significantly related was the competition venue (OR = 3.97; CI95% = 1.40–11.23). Conclusion: As in other sports considered “non-expensive”, the economic and demographic characteristics of the place where athletes train can provide advantages in performance.
Mabliny Thuany; Sara Pereira; Lee Hill; Jean Santos; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle; Thayse Gomes. Where Are the Best European Road Runners and What Are the Country Variables Related to It? Sustainability 2021, 13, 7781 .
AMA StyleMabliny Thuany, Sara Pereira, Lee Hill, Jean Santos, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle, Thayse Gomes. Where Are the Best European Road Runners and What Are the Country Variables Related to It? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMabliny Thuany; Sara Pereira; Lee Hill; Jean Santos; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle; Thayse Gomes. 2021. "Where Are the Best European Road Runners and What Are the Country Variables Related to It?" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7781.
This study aimed to (1) estimate age‐at‐mid‐growth spurt (age‐at‐MGS) in Portuguese boys from two different regions—the Azores islands and Viana do Castelo, and (2) identify spurts in a variety of physical fitness (PF) components aligned by age‐at‐MGS in the two samples. A total of 176 (Azores, n = 91; Viana do Castelo, n = 85) boys aged 6 years old were followed annually to 10 years of age. Age‐at‐MGS and spurts in PF components (speed, explosive muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength, agility, and flexibility) were identified for each sample. The timing and intensities of the spurts were estimated using a non‐smooth mathematical procedure. In Azorean boys, age‐at‐MGS occurred at 7.8 years (6.99 cm y−1), whereas in Viana do Castelo it occurred at 7.9 years (6.20 cm y−1). Spurt in speed was attained 12 months after the MGS in both samples (0.53 and 0.35 cm y−1 in Azores and Viana do Castelo, respectively), whereas spurts in explosive muscular strength and flexibility occurred 12 months before the MGS and at the MGS (Azores: 21.59 and 5.52 cm y−1 and Viana do Castelo: 14.12 and 2.5 cm y−1, respectively). Agility and abdominal muscular strength peaked between 0 and 12 months after the MGS (Viana do Castelo: 0.37 m s−1 y−1 and 6.71 reps y−1 and Azores: 0.28 m s−1 y−1 and 19.36 reps y−1, respectively). Results indicate that developmental spurts in explosive strength and flexibility occur before, or are coincident with, the mid‐growth spurt in height, whereas spurts in speed, agility, and abdominal muscular strength occur after, or coincident with, the mid‐growth spurt in height.
Sara Pereira; Fernando Garbeloto; Eduardo Guimarães; Carla Santos; Adam Baxter‐Jones; Go Tani; Duarte Freitas; Alcibíades Bustamante; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. Physical fitness spurts in childhood: A study in boys. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2021, 31, 47 -55.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Fernando Garbeloto, Eduardo Guimarães, Carla Santos, Adam Baxter‐Jones, Go Tani, Duarte Freitas, Alcibíades Bustamante, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia. Physical fitness spurts in childhood: A study in boys. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2021; 31 (S1):47-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Fernando Garbeloto; Eduardo Guimarães; Carla Santos; Adam Baxter‐Jones; Go Tani; Duarte Freitas; Alcibíades Bustamante; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2021. "Physical fitness spurts in childhood: A study in boys." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 31, no. S1: 47-55.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the multivariate profile of different types of Brazilian runners and to identify the discriminant pattern of the distinct types of runners, as a runners’ ability to self-classify well. The sample comprised 1235 Brazilian runners of both sexes (492 women; 743 men), with a mean age of 37.94 ± 9.46 years. Individual characteristics were obtained through an online questionnaire: Sex, age, body height (m) and body mass (kg), socioeconomic status, and training information (i.e., self-classification, practice time, practice motivation, running pace, frequency and training volume/week). Multivariate analysis of variance was conducted by sex and the discriminant analysis was used to identify which among running pace, practice time, body mass index and volume/training could differentiate groups such as “professional athletes”, “amateur athletes” and “recreational athletes”. For both sexes, running pace was the variable that better discriminated the groups, followed by BMI and volume/week. The practice time is not a good indicator to differentiate runner’s types. In both sexes, semi-professional runners were those that better self-classify themselves, with amateur runners presenting the highest classification error. This information can be used to guide the long-term training, athlete’s selection programs, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of athletes.
Mabliny Thuany; Raphael Souza; Lee Hill; João Mesquita; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle; Sara Pereira; Thayse Gomes. Discriminant Analysis of Anthropometric and Training Variables among Runners of Different Competitive Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4248 .
AMA StyleMabliny Thuany, Raphael Souza, Lee Hill, João Mesquita, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle, Sara Pereira, Thayse Gomes. Discriminant Analysis of Anthropometric and Training Variables among Runners of Different Competitive Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):4248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMabliny Thuany; Raphael Souza; Lee Hill; João Mesquita; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle; Sara Pereira; Thayse Gomes. 2021. "Discriminant Analysis of Anthropometric and Training Variables among Runners of Different Competitive Levels." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4248.
Despite the widespread use of the expression “physical activity pattern” (PAP), there apparently is no general consensus regarding its definition. This systematic review aimed to examine available research focussing on (1) definitions of PAP, (2) instruments/techniques used to describe PAP, (3) statistical approaches used to analyse PAP, and (4) implications of PAP on children’s health. A systematic review of the available literature was done to identify studies published up to October 2019, and 76 studies were eligible. None of the studies presented a formal definition of PAP; a wide range of instruments were used to investigate children’s PAP, and most of the revised studies did not explicitly present a formal statistical model to define PAP. Twenty-four papers purported to examine associations between PAP and health indicators. The review highlights no consensus on a clear PAP definition whatever the instrument used to capture it, and we did not find any agreement regarding how best to analyse PAP. We suggest that PAP should be used when targeting the investigation of similarities/dissimilarities, as well as stabilities and/or changes in children’s PA at an intra-personal level. In sum, PAP should be used to best describe individual streams of behaviours, and not exclusively PA levels/intensities.
Thayse Natacha Gomes; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Sara Pereira; Mabliny Thuany; Martyn Standage; José Maia. A Systematic Review of Children’s Physical Activity Patterns: Concept, Operational Definitions, Instruments, Statistical Analyses, and Health Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5837 .
AMA StyleThayse Natacha Gomes, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Sara Pereira, Mabliny Thuany, Martyn Standage, José Maia. A Systematic Review of Children’s Physical Activity Patterns: Concept, Operational Definitions, Instruments, Statistical Analyses, and Health Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (16):5837.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThayse Natacha Gomes; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Sara Pereira; Mabliny Thuany; Martyn Standage; José Maia. 2020. "A Systematic Review of Children’s Physical Activity Patterns: Concept, Operational Definitions, Instruments, Statistical Analyses, and Health Implications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5837.
Objectives To analyze the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the variation in somatotype, physical fitness, and their mutual associations. Methods Twins from 214 pairs (87 monozygotic) of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, from 3 to 18 years of age (51% girls) were assessed in anthropometry and physical fitness tests. We estimated endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy based on anthropometric measures and physical fitness using the Eurofit test battery. Two age categories were analyzed: children (3‐11 years) and adolescents (12‐18 years). Genetic and environmental variations were estimated using quantitative genetic twin modeling. Results No genetic sex differences were found, thus boys and girls were pooled in all genetic analyses. Heritability estimates were high for somatotype (a 2 = 0.80‐0.93), physical fitness traits (a 2 = 0.67‐0.83), and largely similar in children and adolescents. Positive correlations were found for ectomorphy with motor ability and cardiorespiratory endurance as well as for endomorphy and mesomorphy with muscular strength (r = 0.25‐0.37). In contrast, negative associations were found for ectomorphy with muscular strength, as well as for endomorphy and mesomorphy with motor ability and cardiorespiratory endurance (−0.46 to −0.26). Twin modeling indicated that these associations were explained mostly by genetic factors in common to the two associated traits (84% or more). Conclusions Associations between somatotype and physical fitness tests are mainly explained by common genetic background in children and adolescents. Therefore, interventions in youth should consider that a child's performance in physical fitness tests partly reflects their inherited physique.
Karri Silventoinen; José Maia; Aline Jelenkovic; Sara Pereira; Élvio Gouveia; António Antunes; Martine Thomis; Johan Lefevre; Jaakko Kaprio; Duarte Freitas. Genetics of somatotype and physical fitness in children and adolescents. American Journal of Human Biology 2020, 33, e23470 .
AMA StyleKarri Silventoinen, José Maia, Aline Jelenkovic, Sara Pereira, Élvio Gouveia, António Antunes, Martine Thomis, Johan Lefevre, Jaakko Kaprio, Duarte Freitas. Genetics of somatotype and physical fitness in children and adolescents. American Journal of Human Biology. 2020; 33 (3):e23470.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarri Silventoinen; José Maia; Aline Jelenkovic; Sara Pereira; Élvio Gouveia; António Antunes; Martine Thomis; Johan Lefevre; Jaakko Kaprio; Duarte Freitas. 2020. "Genetics of somatotype and physical fitness in children and adolescents." American Journal of Human Biology 33, no. 3: e23470.
Data relating physical performance to the timing of the adolescent growth spurt are limited. Aim: This study identifies: (i) age-at-peak height velocity (APHV), (ii) physical performance spurt patterns aligned to APHV; and (iii) cross-cultural and time patterns in Canadian, Brazilian and Portuguese boys. Subjects and methods: A total of 512 boys (131 Canadian, 250 Portuguese and 131 Brazilian), 8-17 years of age were followed serially using longitudinal data. APHV was identified and five physical performance measures velocities [trunk extension (TE), trunk flexion (TF), standing long jump (SLJ), curl-ups (CU) and handgrip strength (HG)] were aligned at 6-month intervals, 4 years around the attainment of PHV. Velocities were estimated using a non-smooth mathematical procedure. Results: APHV was 13.9 ± 1.0, 13.4 ± 1.6 and 13.0 ± 0.8 years for Canadian, Brazilian and Portuguese boys, respectively. Maximal velocity in SLJ was attained between 12 and 6 months prior to PHV. For HG, peaks were attained 12-24 months after PHV. Maximal velocity in TE occurred between 12 and 0 months prior to PHV, while CU peaked between PHV and 6 months after PHV. Conclusion: Patterns of spurts in physical performance have remained relatively the same and do not appear to be influenced by cross-cultural differences.
Eduardo Guimarães; Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones; Sara Pereira; Fernando Garbeloto; Duarte Freitas; Manuel A. Janeira; Go Tani; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Simonete Silva; Donald A. Bailey; Robert L. Mirwald; José Maia. Patterns of physical performance spurts during adolescence: a cross-cultural study of Canadian, Brazilian and Portuguese boys. Annals of Human Biology 2020, 47, 346 -354.
AMA StyleEduardo Guimarães, Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, Sara Pereira, Fernando Garbeloto, Duarte Freitas, Manuel A. Janeira, Go Tani, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Simonete Silva, Donald A. Bailey, Robert L. Mirwald, José Maia. Patterns of physical performance spurts during adolescence: a cross-cultural study of Canadian, Brazilian and Portuguese boys. Annals of Human Biology. 2020; 47 (4):346-354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduardo Guimarães; Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones; Sara Pereira; Fernando Garbeloto; Duarte Freitas; Manuel A. Janeira; Go Tani; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Simonete Silva; Donald A. Bailey; Robert L. Mirwald; José Maia. 2020. "Patterns of physical performance spurts during adolescence: a cross-cultural study of Canadian, Brazilian and Portuguese boys." Annals of Human Biology 47, no. 4: 346-354.
Stunting, defined as linear growth retardation, is a serious public health problem in developing countries. We aimed to (1) describe the prevalence of stunting in Peruvian youth living in three geographical regions, and to (2) determine height and physical fitness (PF) differences between stunted and normal-growth children across age and sex. We sampled 7918 subjects (7074 normal-growth and 844 stunted), aged 6–15 year, from sea-level, Amazon and high-altitude regions of Peru. PF was assessed with standardized tests, and stunting was computed following World Health Organization (WHO) standards. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was used. Results showed that stunting prevalence increased with age (from 6% at 6 year to 18.4% at 15 year in girls, and 9.3% at 6 year to 16.4% at 15 year in boys); was higher in boys (12.3%) than in girls (9.3%), and was higher in the Amazon region (25.3%), followed by high-altitude (24.3%) and sea-level (8.1%). Stunting had a negative overall impact on girls’ and boys’ statures. Further, the age-by-stunting interactions were statistically significant for both sexes, and significant differences in height varied to some degree across age. Stunted children performed worse in handgrip and standing long jump, but outperformed their normal-growth peers in shuttle-run (only boys), and in 12 min run. Further, significant differences in the age-by-stunting interaction occurred in all PF tests, varying to some degree across age. In conclusion, stunting significantly affects Peruvian youth’s PF levels, and this influence is sex-, age- and PF test-specific.
Carla Santos; Alcibíades Bustamante; Olga Vasconcelos; Sara Pereira; Rui Garganta; Go Tani; Donald Hedeker; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. Stunting and Physical Fitness. The Peruvian Health and Optimist Growth Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3440 .
AMA StyleCarla Santos, Alcibíades Bustamante, Olga Vasconcelos, Sara Pereira, Rui Garganta, Go Tani, Donald Hedeker, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia. Stunting and Physical Fitness. The Peruvian Health and Optimist Growth Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3440.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Santos; Alcibíades Bustamante; Olga Vasconcelos; Sara Pereira; Rui Garganta; Go Tani; Donald Hedeker; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2020. "Stunting and Physical Fitness. The Peruvian Health and Optimist Growth Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3440.
Children's differences in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels are not at random. This study investigates the relevance of individual‐ and school‐level characteristics in explaining these differences. In total, 307 children (154 girls) aged 5–10 years, from 19 Portuguese schools, were sampled. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Time spent in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity was measured by accelerometry. Gross motor coordination was assessed with the KörperkoordinationsTest für Kinder battery and socio‐economic status was obtained via the school social support system. School characteristics were obtained with an objective school audit. A multilevel analysis was used as implemented in Stata 15. Schools explained 18.2% of the total variance in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, with the remainder being ascribed to children's distinct characteristics. Boys were more active (β = 29.59 ± 11.52, p < 0.05), and having higher gross motor coordination levels (β = 0.11 ± 0.04, p < 0.05) was positively associated with daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, whereas being older (β = −5.00 ± 1.57, p < 0.05) and having higher socio‐economic status (β = −7.89 ± 3.12, p < 0.05) were negatively related with moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. From the school‐level correlates, only playground dimension was significantly associated with moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels. Children from schools with medium (40 m2 to 69 m2) and large playground dimensions (≥70 m2) were less active than children with smaller playground dimensions (10 m2 to 39 m2). Variation in school children's moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity is mostly explained by their individual characteristics; school characteristics also play a role but to a smaller degree. Future intervention programs to change this behavior should be more personalized, emphasizing mostly individual‐level characteristics. As diferenças entre crianças na atividade física moderada a vigorosa não são aleatórias. Este estudo investiga a relevância das características em níveis individuais e escolares para explicar essas diferenças. Foram amostradas 307 crianças (154 meninas) entre 5 e 10 anos, de 19 escolas portuguesas. A estatura e o peso foram medidos e o índice de massa corporal foi calculado. O tempo gasto em atividade física moderada a vigorosa foi medido por acelerometria. A coordenação motora grossa foi avaliada com a bateria do Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder e o status socioeconômico foi obtido através do sistema de apoio social da escola. As características da escola foram obtidas através de uma auditoria escolar objetiva. Uma análise multinível foi utilizada como implantada no Stata 15. As escolas explicaram 18,2% da variância total da atividade física moderada a vigorosa, com o restante atribuído às diferentes características das crianças. Os meninos foram mais ativos (β = 29,59 ± 11,52, p < 0,05) e o fato de ter níveis mais altos de coordenação motora grossa (β = 0,11 ± 0,04, p < 0,05) foi positivamente associado com a atividade física moderada a vigorosa diária. Os mais velhos (β = ‐5,00 ± 1,57, p < 0,05) e com maior status socioeconômico (β = ‐7,89 ± 3,12, p < 0,05) foram negativamente relacionados com a atividade física moderada a vigorosa. Com base nos correlatos a nível escolar, apenas a dimensão da área recreativa foi significativamente associada aos níveis de atividade física moderada a vigorosa. As crianças das escolas com área recreativa média (40 m2 a 69 m2) e grande (≥ 70 m2) foram menos ativas do que as crianças com áreas recreativas com menores dimensões (10 m2 a 39 m2). A variação na atividade física moderada a vigorosa de escolares é explicada principalmente por suas características individuais; as características da escola também desempenham um papel, mas em menor grau. Futuros programas de intervenção para mudar esse comportamento devem ser mais personalizados, enfatizar principalmente as características em nível individual.
Sara Pereira; Ana Reyes; Marcos A. Moura‐Dos‐Santos; Carla Santos; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Go Tani; Olga Vasconcelos; Tiago V. Barreira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. Why are children different in their moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis. Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 2020, 96, 225 -232.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Ana Reyes, Marcos A. Moura‐Dos‐Santos, Carla Santos, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Go Tani, Olga Vasconcelos, Tiago V. Barreira, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia. Why are children different in their moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis. Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português). 2020; 96 (2):225-232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Ana Reyes; Marcos A. Moura‐Dos‐Santos; Carla Santos; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Go Tani; Olga Vasconcelos; Tiago V. Barreira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2020. "Why are children different in their moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis." Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 96, no. 2: 225-232.
Purpose This study aims to 1) describe mean changes in muscular and motor fitness components in sibships over 2 yr, 2) analyze individual tracking of fitness within sibships, 3) investigate sibling resemblance in fitness over time, and 4) examine the joint influence of biological, behavioral, and familial characteristics on fitness. Methods The sample comprises 166 Portuguese biological sibling pairs (brother–brother, sister–sister, brother–sister) age 9–17 yr assessed at baseline and 2 yr later. Physical fitness components were measured with standardized tests. Percentage body fat and biological maturation were assessed, and physical activity, diet, screen time, and familial characteristics were obtained by questionnaires. Multilevel models were used to analyze the clustered longitudinal data. Results Crude results showed that, on average, all sib-types increased their muscular and motor fitness components from baseline to follow-up (except sister–sister pairs in standing long jump and shuttle run). When adjusted for covariates, the mean changes were no longer significant. Individual tracking was moderate to high for the muscular component but low to moderate for the motor component. Consistency in sibling resemblance was higher in sister–sister pairs than in brother–brother and brother–sister pairs. More mature sibs were fitter in both components, whereas siblings with higher body fat percentage were less fit. Screen time, physical activity, and parental occupation were not associated with fitness components. Conclusions Biological characteristics were more strongly associated with fitness components than individual behaviors and familial characteristics. Furthermore, the muscular component tracked better than the motor component. Sister–sister pairs had greater resemblance in fitness over time compared with brother–brother or sister–brother pairs.
Sara Pereira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. Change and Stability in Sibling Physical Fitness: The Portuguese Sibling Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2020, 52, 1511 -1517.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Donald Hedeker, José Maia. Change and Stability in Sibling Physical Fitness: The Portuguese Sibling Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2020; 52 (7):1511-1517.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. 2020. "Change and Stability in Sibling Physical Fitness: The Portuguese Sibling Study." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7: 1511-1517.
Background/Objectives. Obesity markers evolve over time and these changes are shared within the family orbit and governed by individual and environmental characteristics. Available reports often lack an integrated approach, in contrast to a multilevel framework that considers their concurrent influence. Hence, this study aims to (1) describe mean changes in obesity markers (body fat (%BF), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC)) across sib-ships; (2) analyze tracking of individuals within their sib-ship in these markers during 2 years of follow-up; (3) probe consistency in sibling resemblance in these markers; and (4) analyze the joint influence of individual and familial characteristics in these markers. Subjects/Methods. The sample comprises 168 biological Portuguese siblings (brother-brother (BB), sister-sister (SS), and brother-sister (BS)) aged 9–17 years. %BF, BMI, and WC were measured using standardized protocols, and biological maturation was assessed. Physical activity, diet, screen time, and familial characteristics were obtained by questionnaires. Multilevel models were used to analyze the clustered longitudinal data. Sibling resemblance was estimated with the intraclass correlation. Results. On average, all sib types increased in BMI and WC over 2 years of follow-up, and SS pairs increased in %BF. Individuals within sib-ships track high in all obesity markers across time. Consistency in siblings’ resemblance was also noted, except for BB pairs in %BF which decreased at follow-up. More maturing siblings tend to have higher values in all markers. Greater screen time was associated with higher %BF, whereas those consuming more sugary drinks had lower %BF and BMI values. Siblings whose mothers had less qualified occupations tended to have lower BMI values. Conclusions. Longitudinal individual tracking and sibling resemblance for obesity markers were found. Yet, different trajectories were also identified depending on the marker and sib type. Individual and familial characteristics exert different influences on each obesity marker.
Sara Pereira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. Change and Stability in Sibling Resemblance in Obesity Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health. Journal of Obesity 2019, 2019, 1 -10.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Donald Hedeker, José Maia. Change and Stability in Sibling Resemblance in Obesity Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health. Journal of Obesity. 2019; 2019 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. 2019. "Change and Stability in Sibling Resemblance in Obesity Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health." Journal of Obesity 2019, no. : 1-10.
Biopolymers derived from polysaccharides are a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to the synthetic counterparts available in the market. Due to their distinctive properties, the cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), mainly composed of heteropolysaccharides, emerge as a valid alternative to address several biotechnological and biomedical challenges. Nevertheless, biotechnological/biomedical applications based on cyanobacterial EPS have only recently started to emerge. For the successful exploitation of cyanobacterial EPS, it is important to strategically design the polymers, either by genetic engineering of the producing strains or by chemical modification of the polymers. This requires a better understanding of the EPS biosynthetic pathways and their relationship with central metabolism, as well as to exploit the available polymer functionalization chemistries. Considering all this, we provide an overview of the characteristics and biological activities of cyanobacterial EPS, discuss the challenges and opportunities to improve the amount and/or characteristics of the polymers, and report the most relevant advances on the use of cyanobacterial EPS as scaffolds, coatings, and vehicles for drug delivery.
Sara B. Pereira; Aureliana Sousa; Marina Santos; Marco Araújo; Filipa Serôdio; Pedro Granja; Paula Tamagnini. Strategies to Obtain Designer Polymers Based on Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 5693 .
AMA StyleSara B. Pereira, Aureliana Sousa, Marina Santos, Marco Araújo, Filipa Serôdio, Pedro Granja, Paula Tamagnini. Strategies to Obtain Designer Polymers Based on Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (22):5693.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara B. Pereira; Aureliana Sousa; Marina Santos; Marco Araújo; Filipa Serôdio; Pedro Granja; Paula Tamagnini. 2019. "Strategies to Obtain Designer Polymers Based on Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22: 5693.
We report a summary of Portuguese families and siblings research under the umbrella of the Portuguese Healthy Family Project. Families lived in mainland Portugal, as well as in the Azores and Madeira islands. All samples comprise children and adolescents (9–20 years) and their parents (27–57 years). Recruitment procedures and phenotypes were detailed. Familial resemblance in body shape and composition, metabolic syndrome, physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behaviors are presented, as well as future research avenues.
Sara Pereira; Carla Santos; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. Familial Resemblance in Body Shape and Composition, Metabolic Syndrome, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness: A Summary of Research in Portuguese Families and Siblings. Twin Research and Human Genetics 2019, 22, 651 -659.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Carla Santos, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia. Familial Resemblance in Body Shape and Composition, Metabolic Syndrome, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness: A Summary of Research in Portuguese Families and Siblings. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2019; 22 (6):651-659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Carla Santos; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2019. "Familial Resemblance in Body Shape and Composition, Metabolic Syndrome, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness: A Summary of Research in Portuguese Families and Siblings." Twin Research and Human Genetics 22, no. 6: 651-659.
Cyanobacterial extracellular carbohydrate polymers are particularly attractive for biotechnological applications. Previously, we determined the monosaccharidic composition of the polymer of a Synechocystis ΔsigF overproducing mutant. Here, we further characterized this polymer, demonstrated that it is possible to recover it in high yields, and successfully use it for biomedical research. This amorphous polymer is formed by a mesh of fibrils/lamellar structures with high porosity, is constituted by high molecular mass fractions, is highly sulfated and displays low viscosity, even in highly concentrated aqueous solutions. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of several functional groups. We demonstrated that the ΔsigF polymer has strong biological activity, decreasing viability of melanoma, thyroid and ovary carcinoma cells by inducing high levels of apoptosis, through p53 and caspase-3 activation. Therefore, the ΔsigF Synechocystis mutant is a promising platform for the sustainable production of biological active carbohydrate polymer(s) with the desired characteristics for biomedical applications.
Carlos Flores; Raquel T. Lima; Alessandra Adessi; Aureliana Sousa; Sara B. Pereira; Pedro L. Granja; Roberto De Philippis; Paula Soares; Paula Tamagnini. Characterization and antitumor activity of the extracellular carbohydrate polymer from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis ΔsigF mutant. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 136, 1219 -1227.
AMA StyleCarlos Flores, Raquel T. Lima, Alessandra Adessi, Aureliana Sousa, Sara B. Pereira, Pedro L. Granja, Roberto De Philippis, Paula Soares, Paula Tamagnini. Characterization and antitumor activity of the extracellular carbohydrate polymer from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis ΔsigF mutant. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 136 ():1219-1227.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Flores; Raquel T. Lima; Alessandra Adessi; Aureliana Sousa; Sara B. Pereira; Pedro L. Granja; Roberto De Philippis; Paula Soares; Paula Tamagnini. 2019. "Characterization and antitumor activity of the extracellular carbohydrate polymer from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis ΔsigF mutant." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 136, no. : 1219-1227.
This study aims to estimate sibling resemblance in metabolic syndrome (MS) markers, and to investigate the associations of biological and behavioral characteristics with MS. The sample comprises 679 biological siblings (363 females; 316 males) aged 9-20 years. MS markers included waist circumference (WC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TRI), fasting glucose (GLU) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Body mass index (BMI), biological maturation, muscular, and cardiorespiratory fitness were also assessed. Behavioral characteristics, including dietary intake and physical activity, were self-reported by questionnaire. Multilevel models were used, and sibling resemblance was estimated using the intraclass correlation (ρ). In general, same-sex siblings showed higher resemblance in MS markers than opposite-sex siblings. However, variability in sibling resemblance in MS markers was evident with the inclusion of covariates. Biological characteristics including age, BMI and maturity offset influenced all MS markers except for TRI. Importantly, behavioral characteristics diversely influenced MS markers: fruit and vegetables only influenced SBP, whereas physical activity affected HDL-C. Additionally, muscular fitness impacted significantly on MS Z-score, WC, SBP and GLU, whilst cardiorespiratory fitness only affected WC. In conclusion, biological and behavioral characteristics influenced the expression of MS markers. These results confirmed the importance of considering individual characteristics when designing individualized programs for diminishing the adverse effects of specific MS markers.
Sara Pereira; Peter Katzmarzyk; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Rojapon Buranarugsa; Marcos Santos; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. Sibling Similarity in Metabolic Syndrome: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle and Health. Behavior Genetics 2019, 49, 299 -309.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Peter Katzmarzyk, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Rojapon Buranarugsa, Marcos Santos, Donald Hedeker, José Maia. Sibling Similarity in Metabolic Syndrome: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle and Health. Behavior Genetics. 2019; 49 (3):299-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Peter Katzmarzyk; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Rojapon Buranarugsa; Marcos Santos; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. 2019. "Sibling Similarity in Metabolic Syndrome: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle and Health." Behavior Genetics 49, no. 3: 299-309.
Many cyanobacteria produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) mainly composed of heteropolysaccharides with unique characteristics that make them suitable for biotechnological applications. However, manipulation/optimization of EPS biosynthesis/characteristics is hindered by a poor understanding of the production pathways and the differences between bacterial species. In this work, genes putatively related to different pathways of cyanobacterial EPS polymerization, assembly, and export were targeted for deletion or truncation in the unicellular Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. No evident phenotypic changes were observed for some mutants in genes occurring in multiple copies in Synechocystis genome, namely ∆wzy (∆sll0737), ∆wzx (∆sll5049), ∆kpsM (∆slr2107), and ∆kpsM∆wzy (∆slr2107∆sll0737), strongly suggesting functional redundancy. In contrast, Δwzc (Δsll0923) and Δwzb (Δslr0328) influenced both the amount and composition of the EPS, establishing that Wzc participates in the production of capsular (CPS) and released (RPS) polysaccharides, and Wzb affects RPS production. The structure of Wzb was solved (2.28 Å), revealing structural differences relative to other phosphatases involved in EPS production and suggesting a different substrate recognition mechanism. In addition, Wzc showed the ATPase and autokinase activities typical of bacterial tyrosine kinases. Most importantly, Wzb was able to dephosphorylate Wzc in vitro, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays a role in cyanobacterial EPS production.
Sara B. Pereira; Marina Santos; José P. Leite; Carlos Eduardo De Bento Flores; Carina Eisfeld; Zsofia Buttel; Rita Mota; Federico Rossi; Roberto De Philippis; Luis Gales; Joao Morais-Cabral; Paula Tamagnini. The role of the tyrosine kinase Wzc (Sll0923) and the phosphatase Wzb (Slr0328) in the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Synechocystis PCC 6803. MicrobiologyOpen 2019, 8, e00753 .
AMA StyleSara B. Pereira, Marina Santos, José P. Leite, Carlos Eduardo De Bento Flores, Carina Eisfeld, Zsofia Buttel, Rita Mota, Federico Rossi, Roberto De Philippis, Luis Gales, Joao Morais-Cabral, Paula Tamagnini. The role of the tyrosine kinase Wzc (Sll0923) and the phosphatase Wzb (Slr0328) in the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Synechocystis PCC 6803. MicrobiologyOpen. 2019; 8 (6):e00753.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara B. Pereira; Marina Santos; José P. Leite; Carlos Eduardo De Bento Flores; Carina Eisfeld; Zsofia Buttel; Rita Mota; Federico Rossi; Roberto De Philippis; Luis Gales; Joao Morais-Cabral; Paula Tamagnini. 2019. "The role of the tyrosine kinase Wzc (Sll0923) and the phosphatase Wzb (Slr0328) in the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Synechocystis PCC 6803." MicrobiologyOpen 8, no. 6: e00753.
Introduction Body mass index (BMI) is often criticized for not being able to distinguish between lean and fat tissue. Waist circumference (WC), adjusted for stature, is proposed as an alternative weight status index, as it is more sensitive to changes in central adiposity. Purpose The purpose of the study is to combine the three dimensions of height, mass, and WC to provide a simple, meaningful, and more accurate index associated with percentage body fat (BF%). Methods We employed a four independent sample design. Sample 1 consisted of 551 children (320 boys) (mean ± SD of age = 7.2 ± 2.0 years), recruited from London, UK. Samples 2, 3, and 4 consisted of 5387 children (2649 boys) aged 7 to 17 years recruited from schools in Portugal. Allometric modelling was used to identify the most effective anthropometric index associated with BF%. The data from samples 2, 3, and 4 were used to confirm and cross‐validate the model derived in sample 1. Results The allometric models from all four samples identified a positive mass exponent and a negative height exponent that was approximately twice that of the mass exponent and a waist circumference exponent that was approximately half the mass exponent. Consequently, the body shape index most strongly associated with BF% was . The component of the new index can simply be interpreted as a WC “weighting” of the traditional BMI. Conclusions Compared with using BMI and WC in isolation, could provide a more effective and equally noninvasive proxy for BF% in children that can be used in public and community health settings.
Alan M. Nevill; Elizabeth Bryant; Kate Wilkinson; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Raquel Chaves; Sara Pereira; Peter Katzmarzyk; José Maia; Michael J. Duncan. Can waist circumference provide a new “third” dimension to BMI when predicting percentage body fat in children? Insights using allometric modelling. Pediatric Obesity 2018, 14, e12491 .
AMA StyleAlan M. Nevill, Elizabeth Bryant, Kate Wilkinson, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Raquel Chaves, Sara Pereira, Peter Katzmarzyk, José Maia, Michael J. Duncan. Can waist circumference provide a new “third” dimension to BMI when predicting percentage body fat in children? Insights using allometric modelling. Pediatric Obesity. 2018; 14 (4):e12491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlan M. Nevill; Elizabeth Bryant; Kate Wilkinson; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Raquel Chaves; Sara Pereira; Peter Katzmarzyk; José Maia; Michael J. Duncan. 2018. "Can waist circumference provide a new “third” dimension to BMI when predicting percentage body fat in children? Insights using allometric modelling." Pediatric Obesity 14, no. 4: e12491.
Children's differences in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels are not at random. This study investigates the relevance of individual- and school-level characteristics in explaining these differences. In total, 307 children (154 girls) aged 5–10 years, from 19 Portuguese schools, were sampled. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was measured by accelerometry. Gross motor coordination was assessed with the KörperkoordinationsTest für Kinder battery and socio-economic status was obtained via the school social support system. School characteristics were obtained with an objective school audit. A multilevel analysis was used as implemented in Stata 15. Schools explained 18.2% of the total variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, with the remainder being ascribed to children's distinct characteristics. Boys were more active (β = 29.59 ± 11.52, p < 0.05), and having higher gross motor coordination levels (β = 0.11 ± 0.04, p < 0.05) was positively associated with daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, whereas being older (β = −5.00 ± 1.57, p < 0.05) and having higher socio-economic status (β = −7.89 ± 3.12, p < 0.05) were negatively related with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. From the school-level correlates, only playground dimension was significantly associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels. Children from schools with medium (40 m2 to 69 m2) and large playground dimensions (≥70 m2) were less active than children with smaller playground dimensions (10 m2 to 39 m2). Variation in school children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is mostly explained by their individual characteristics; school characteristics also play a role but to a smaller degree. Future intervention programs to change this behavior should be more personalized, emphasizing mostly individual-level characteristics. As diferenças entre crianças na atividade física moderada a vigorosa não são aleatórias. Este estudo investiga a relevância das características a nível individuais e escolares para explicar essas diferenças. No total, foram amostradas 307 crianças (154 meninas) com idades entre 5 e 10 anos, de 19 escolas portuguesas. A estatura e o peso foram medidos e o índice de massa corporal foi calculado. O tempo gasto em atividade física moderada a vigorosa foi medido por acelerometria. A coordenação motora grossa foi avaliada com a bateria do Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder e o status socioeconômico foi obtido através do sistema de apoio social da escola. As características da escola foram obtidas através de uma auditoria escolar objetiva. Uma análise multinível foi utilizada como implementada no Stata 15. As escolas explicaram 18,2% da variância total da atividade física moderada a vigorosa, com o restante sendo atribuído às diferentes características das crianças. Os meninos foram...
Sara Pereira; Ana Reyes; Marcos A. Moura-Dos-Santos; Carla Santos; Thayse N. Gomes; Go Tani; Olga Vasconcelos; Tiago Barreira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. Why are children different in their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis. Jornal de Pediatria 2018, 96, 225 -232.
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Ana Reyes, Marcos A. Moura-Dos-Santos, Carla Santos, Thayse N. Gomes, Go Tani, Olga Vasconcelos, Tiago Barreira, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia. Why are children different in their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis. Jornal de Pediatria. 2018; 96 (2):225-232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Ana Reyes; Marcos A. Moura-Dos-Santos; Carla Santos; Thayse N. Gomes; Go Tani; Olga Vasconcelos; Tiago Barreira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2018. "Why are children different in their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis." Jornal de Pediatria 96, no. 2: 225-232.
The co-occurrence of health-related markers and their associations with individual, family, and environmental characteristics have not yet been widely explored in siblings. We aimed to identify multivariate profiles of health-related markers, analyze their associations with biological, sociodemographic, and built environment characteristics, and estimate sibling resemblance in these profiles. The sample includes 736 biological siblings aged 9–20 years. Body fat was measured with a portable bioelectrical impedance scale; biological maturation was assessed with the maturity offset; handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-mile run, and shuttle run were used to mark physical fitness. Health behaviors, sociodemographic, and built environmental characteristics were recorded by questionnaire. Latent profile analysis and multilevel logistic regression models were used; sibling resemblance was estimated with the intraclass correlation (ρ). Two multivariate profiles emerged: “P1 = fit, lower fat and poorer diet” (86.7%) and “P2 = higher fat and lower fit, but better diet” (13.3%). Siblings whose fathers were less qualified in their occupation were more likely to belong to P2 (OR = 1.24, p = 0.04); those whose fathers with Grade 12 and university level education were more likely to fit in P2 compared to peers living with fathers having an educational level below Grade 12 (OR = 3.18, p = 0.03, and OR = 6.40, p = 0.02, Grade 12 and university level, respectively). A moderate sibling profile resemblance was found (0.46 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.55). In conclusion, youth health-related markers present substantial differences linked with their body composition, physical fitness and unhealthy diet. Furthermore, only father socio-demographic characteristics were associated with profile membership. Sibling´s profile resemblance mirrors the effects of genetics and shared characteristics.
Sara Pereira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. Profile Resemblance in Health-Related Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2799 .
AMA StyleSara Pereira, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Donald Hedeker, José Maia. Profile Resemblance in Health-Related Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (12):2799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Pereira; Peter T. Katzmarzyk; Donald Hedeker; José Maia. 2018. "Profile Resemblance in Health-Related Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2799.
Background: Children’s physical fitness is potentially influenced by biological, behavioural and environmental factors. Aim: To investigate the importance of individual-level and school-level characteristics in explaining variation in children’s physical fitness. Subjects and methods: The sample comprised 354 Portuguese children, aged 5-10 years. Physical fitness [(handgrip (HG) strength, standing long jump (SLJ), shuttle-run (SR), total physical fitness score (PFz)], gross motor coordination (GMC), and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was objectively monitored; birth weight and socio-economic status (SES) were obtained by questionnaire. School contexts were assessed via an objective audit. Multilevel models using the Bayesian approach were used. Results: Age was positively associated with HG, SLJ, and PFz (p < 0.05); BMI was positively associated with HG (p < 0.05), and GMC with all physical fitness components (p < 0.05); MVPA was only associated with PFz (p < 0.05); children with level A SES outperformed those with level C SES in HG (p < 0.05), but those with level B SES outperformed their level A SES peers in SR (p < 0.05). Within the school context, no equipment for physical education was negatively associated to HG (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the primary school years, individual-level characteristics were more important than the school context in explaining variation in physical fitness.
Carla Santos; Ana Carolina Reyes; Marcos Santos; Sara Pereira; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Go Tani; Olga Vasconcelos; Raquel N. Chaves; Rui Garganta; Tiago Barreira; Peter Katzmarzyk; José Maia. A multi-level analysis of individual- and school-level correlates of physical fitness in children. Annals of Human Biology 2018, 45, 470 -477.
AMA StyleCarla Santos, Ana Carolina Reyes, Marcos Santos, Sara Pereira, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Go Tani, Olga Vasconcelos, Raquel N. Chaves, Rui Garganta, Tiago Barreira, Peter Katzmarzyk, José Maia. A multi-level analysis of individual- and school-level correlates of physical fitness in children. Annals of Human Biology. 2018; 45 (6-8):470-477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Santos; Ana Carolina Reyes; Marcos Santos; Sara Pereira; Thayse Natacha Gomes; Go Tani; Olga Vasconcelos; Raquel N. Chaves; Rui Garganta; Tiago Barreira; Peter Katzmarzyk; José Maia. 2018. "A multi-level analysis of individual- and school-level correlates of physical fitness in children." Annals of Human Biology 45, no. 6-8: 470-477.