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Heat stress has detrimental effects on livestock via diverse immune and physiological changes; heat-stressed animals are rendered susceptible to diverse diseases. However, there is relatively little information available regarding the altered immune responses of domestic animals in heat stress environments, particularly in cattle steers. This study aimed to determine the changes in the immune responses of Holstein and Jersey steers under heat stress. We assessed blood immune cells and their functions in the steers of two breeds under normal and heat stress conditions and found that immune cell proportions and functions were altered in response to different environmental conditions. Heat stress notably reduced the proportions of CD21+MHCII+ B cell populations in both breeds. We also observed breed-specific differences. Under heat stress, in Holstein steers, the expression of myeloperoxidase was reduced in the polymorphonuclear cells, whereas heat stress reduced the WC1+ γδ T cell populations in Jersey steers. Breed-specific changes were also detected based on gene expression. In response to heat stress, the expression of IL-10 and IL-17A increased in Holstein steers alone, whereas that of IL-6 increased in Jersey steers. Moreover, the mRNA expression pattern of heat shock protein genes such as Hsp70 and Hsp90 was significantly increased in only Holstein steers. Collectively, these results indicate that altered blood immunological profiles may provide a potential explanation for the enhanced susceptibility of heat-stressed steers to disease. The findings of this study provide important information that will contribute to developing new strategies to alleviate the detrimental effects of heat stress on steers.
Da Som Park; Bon-Hee Gu; Yei Ju Park; Sang Seok Joo; Sang-Suk Lee; Seon-Ho Kim; Eun Tae Kim; Dong Hyeon Kim; Sung Sill Lee; Shin Ja Lee; Byeong-Woo Kim; Myunghoo Kim. Dynamic changes in blood immune cell composition and function in Holstein and Jersey steers in response to heat stress. Cell Stress and Chaperones 2021, 26, 1 -16.
AMA StyleDa Som Park, Bon-Hee Gu, Yei Ju Park, Sang Seok Joo, Sang-Suk Lee, Seon-Ho Kim, Eun Tae Kim, Dong Hyeon Kim, Sung Sill Lee, Shin Ja Lee, Byeong-Woo Kim, Myunghoo Kim. Dynamic changes in blood immune cell composition and function in Holstein and Jersey steers in response to heat stress. Cell Stress and Chaperones. 2021; 26 (4):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDa Som Park; Bon-Hee Gu; Yei Ju Park; Sang Seok Joo; Sang-Suk Lee; Seon-Ho Kim; Eun Tae Kim; Dong Hyeon Kim; Sung Sill Lee; Shin Ja Lee; Byeong-Woo Kim; Myunghoo Kim. 2021. "Dynamic changes in blood immune cell composition and function in Holstein and Jersey steers in response to heat stress." Cell Stress and Chaperones 26, no. 4: 1-16.
Twenty weaned piglets with initial body weight of 6.83 ± 0.33 kg (21 day of age, LYD) were randomly assigned to four treatments for a two-week feeding trial to determine the effects of different dietary zinc on nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and microbiome of weaned piglets. The dietary treatments included a negative control (CON), standard ZnO (ZnO, 2500 ppm), zinc chelate with glycine (Chelate-ZnO, 200 ppm), and nanoparticle-sized ZnO (Nano-ZnO, 200 ppm). At 0 to 1 week, the diarrhea score was decreased in the CON group compared with the ZnO, Chelate-ZnO, and Nano-ZnO group. In overall period, the ZnO and Nano-ZnO groups exhibited improved diarrhea scores compared to the CON group. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and gross energy was the lowest in the CON group after one week. Compared to the ZnO group, the chelate-ZnO group exhibited higher proportion of T-bet+ and FoxP3+ T cells and the nano-ZnO group had higher numbers of RORgt+ and GATA3+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. ZnO group increased IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the colon tissues and these positive effects were observed in both chelate ZnO and nano-ZnO groups with lower level. The 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that the relative abundance of Prevotella was higher in the ZnO-treated groups than in the CON group and that of Succinivibrio was the highest in the nano-ZnO group. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased in the ZnO group. In conclusion, low nano-ZnO levels have similar effects on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and intestinal immune profiles in weaning pigs; thus, nano-ZnO could be used as a ZnO alternative for promoting ZnO utilization and intestinal immunity.
Han-Jin Oh; Yei-Ju Park; Jae Cho; Min-Ho Song; Bon-Hee Gu; Won Yun; Ji-Hwan Lee; Ji-Seon An; Yong-Ju Kim; Jun-Soeng Lee; Sheena Kim; Hyeri Kim; Eun Kim; Byoung-Kon Lee; Byeong-Woo Kim; Hyeun Kim; Jin-Ho Cho; Myung-Hoo Kim. Changes in Diarrhea Score, Nutrient Digestibility, Zinc Utilization, Intestinal Immune Profiles, and Fecal Microbiome in Weaned Piglets by Different Forms of Zinc. Animals 2021, 11, 1356 .
AMA StyleHan-Jin Oh, Yei-Ju Park, Jae Cho, Min-Ho Song, Bon-Hee Gu, Won Yun, Ji-Hwan Lee, Ji-Seon An, Yong-Ju Kim, Jun-Soeng Lee, Sheena Kim, Hyeri Kim, Eun Kim, Byoung-Kon Lee, Byeong-Woo Kim, Hyeun Kim, Jin-Ho Cho, Myung-Hoo Kim. Changes in Diarrhea Score, Nutrient Digestibility, Zinc Utilization, Intestinal Immune Profiles, and Fecal Microbiome in Weaned Piglets by Different Forms of Zinc. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan-Jin Oh; Yei-Ju Park; Jae Cho; Min-Ho Song; Bon-Hee Gu; Won Yun; Ji-Hwan Lee; Ji-Seon An; Yong-Ju Kim; Jun-Soeng Lee; Sheena Kim; Hyeri Kim; Eun Kim; Byoung-Kon Lee; Byeong-Woo Kim; Hyeun Kim; Jin-Ho Cho; Myung-Hoo Kim. 2021. "Changes in Diarrhea Score, Nutrient Digestibility, Zinc Utilization, Intestinal Immune Profiles, and Fecal Microbiome in Weaned Piglets by Different Forms of Zinc." Animals 11, no. 5: 1356.
Microbiota plays a critical role in the overall growth performance and health status of dairy cows, especially during their early life. Several studies have reported that fecal microbiome of neonatal calves is shifted by various factors such as diarrhea, antibiotic treatment, or environmental changes. Despite the importance of gut microbiome, a lack of knowledge regarding the composition and functions of microbiota impedes the development of new strategies for improving growth performance and disease resistance during the neonatal calf period. In this study, we utilized next-generation sequencing to monitor the time-dependent dynamics of the gut microbiota of dairy calves before weaning (1–8 weeks of age) and further investigated the microbiome changes caused by diarrhea. Metagenomic analysis revealed that continuous changes, including increasing gut microbiome diversity, occurred from 1 to 5 weeks of age. However, the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiome did not change after 6 weeks of age. The most prominent changes in the fecal microbiome composition caused by aging at family level were a decreased abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that the abundance of microbial genes associated with various metabolic pathways changed with aging. All calves with diarrhea symptoms showed drastic microbiome changes and about a week later returned to the microbiome of pre-diarrheal stage regardless of age. At phylum level, abundance of Bacteroidetes was decreased (p = 0.09) and that of Proteobacteria increased (p = 0.07) during diarrhea. PICRUSt analysis indicated that microbial metabolism-related genes, such as starch and sucrose metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, alanine aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered in diarrheal calves. Together, these results highlight the important implications of gut microbiota in gut metabolism and health status of neonatal dairy calves.
Eun-Tae Kim; Sang-Jin Lee; Tae-Yong Kim; Hyo-Gun Lee; Rahman Atikur; Bon-Hee Gu; Dong-Hyeon Kim; Beom-Young Park; Jun-Kyu Son; Myung-Hoo Kim. Dynamic Changes in Fecal Microbial Communities of Neonatal Dairy Calves by Aging and Diarrhea. Animals 2021, 11, 1113 .
AMA StyleEun-Tae Kim, Sang-Jin Lee, Tae-Yong Kim, Hyo-Gun Lee, Rahman Atikur, Bon-Hee Gu, Dong-Hyeon Kim, Beom-Young Park, Jun-Kyu Son, Myung-Hoo Kim. Dynamic Changes in Fecal Microbial Communities of Neonatal Dairy Calves by Aging and Diarrhea. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEun-Tae Kim; Sang-Jin Lee; Tae-Yong Kim; Hyo-Gun Lee; Rahman Atikur; Bon-Hee Gu; Dong-Hyeon Kim; Beom-Young Park; Jun-Kyu Son; Myung-Hoo Kim. 2021. "Dynamic Changes in Fecal Microbial Communities of Neonatal Dairy Calves by Aging and Diarrhea." Animals 11, no. 4: 1113.
Jun-Kyu Son; Dong-Hyeon Kim; Jihwan Lee; Sang-Bum Kim; Beom-Young Park; Myunghoo Kim; Sungsill Lee; Tai-Young Hur; Eun Tae Kim. Dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginas and feces between pre and postpartum of dairy cows. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 2021, 61, 1 .
AMA StyleJun-Kyu Son, Dong-Hyeon Kim, Jihwan Lee, Sang-Bum Kim, Beom-Young Park, Myunghoo Kim, Sungsill Lee, Tai-Young Hur, Eun Tae Kim. Dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginas and feces between pre and postpartum of dairy cows. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research. 2021; 61 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun-Kyu Son; Dong-Hyeon Kim; Jihwan Lee; Sang-Bum Kim; Beom-Young Park; Myunghoo Kim; Sungsill Lee; Tai-Young Hur; Eun Tae Kim. 2021. "Dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginas and feces between pre and postpartum of dairy cows." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 1: 1.
Owing to increasing global temperatures, heat stress is a major problem affecting dairy cows, and abnormal metabolic responses during heat stress likely influence dairy cow immunity. However, the mechanism of this crosstalk between metabolism and immunity during heat stress remains unclear. We used two representative dairy cow breeds, Holstein and Jersey, with distinct heat-resistance characteristics. To understand metabolic and immune responses to seasonal changes, normal environmental and high-heat environmental conditions, we assessed blood metabolites and immune cell populations. In biochemistry analysis from sera, we found that variety blood metabolites were decreased in both Holstein and Jersey cows by heat stress. We assessed changes in immune cell populations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using flow cytometry. There were breed-specific differences in immune-cell population changes. Heat stress only increased the proportion of B cells (CD4–CD21+) and heat stress tended to decrease the proportion of monocytes (CD11b+CD172a+) in Holstein cows. Our findings expand the understanding of the common and specific changes in metabolism and immune response of two dairy cow breeds under heat stress conditions.
Sang Joo; Sang Lee; Da Park; Dong Kim; Bon-Hee Gu; Yei Park; Chae Rim; Myunghoo Kim; Eun Kim. Changes in Blood Metabolites and Immune Cells in Holstein and Jersey Dairy Cows by Heat Stress. Animals 2021, 11, 974 .
AMA StyleSang Joo, Sang Lee, Da Park, Dong Kim, Bon-Hee Gu, Yei Park, Chae Rim, Myunghoo Kim, Eun Kim. Changes in Blood Metabolites and Immune Cells in Holstein and Jersey Dairy Cows by Heat Stress. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):974.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Joo; Sang Lee; Da Park; Dong Kim; Bon-Hee Gu; Yei Park; Chae Rim; Myunghoo Kim; Eun Kim. 2021. "Changes in Blood Metabolites and Immune Cells in Holstein and Jersey Dairy Cows by Heat Stress." Animals 11, no. 4: 974.
The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal tract requires stringent regulation of immune responses against various environmental conditions. Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue. Metabolites, especially those derived from the microbiota, regulate immune cell functions in various ways, including the recognition and activation of cell surface receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic regulation, and the integration of cellular metabolism. These mucosal immune regulations are key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the role of gut metabolites in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity, highlighting the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms by macronutrient-derived metabolites.
Bon-Hee Gu; Myunghoo Kim; Cheol-Heui Yun. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites. Nutrients 2021, 13, 167 .
AMA StyleBon-Hee Gu, Myunghoo Kim, Cheol-Heui Yun. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (1):167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBon-Hee Gu; Myunghoo Kim; Cheol-Heui Yun. 2021. "Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites." Nutrients 13, no. 1: 167.
Heat stress has been reported to affect the immunity of dairy cows. However, the mechanisms through which this occurs are not fully understood. Two breeds of dairy cow, Holstein and Jersey, have distinct characteristics, including productivity, heat resistance, and disease in high-temperature environments. The objective of this study is to understand the dynamics of the immune response of two breeds of dairy cow to environmental change. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) results were analyzed to characterize the gene expression change of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in Holstein and Jersey cows between moderate temperature-humidity index (THI) and high THI environmental conditions. Many of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified are associated with critical immunological functions, particularly phagocytosis, chemokines, and cytokine response. Among the DEGs, CXCL3 and IL1A were the top down-regulated genes in both breeds of dairy cow, and many DEGs were related to antimicrobial immunity. Functional analysis revealed that cytokine and chemokine response-associated pathways in both Holstein and Jersey PBMCs were the most important pathways affected by the THI environmental condition. However, there were also breed-specific genes and pathways that altered according to THI environmental condition. Collectively, there were both common and breed-specific altered genes and pathways in Holstein and Jersey cows. The findings of this study expand our understanding of the dynamics of immunity in different breeds of dairy cow between moderate THI and high THI environmental conditions.
Eun Tae Kim; Sang Seok Joo; Dong Hyeon Kim; Bon-Hee Gu; Da Som Park; Rahman Md Atikur; Jun Kyu Son; Beom Young Park; Sang Bum Kim; Tai-Young Hur; Myunghoo Kim. Common and Differential Dynamics of the Function of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells between Holstein and Jersey Cows in Heat-Stress Environment. Animals 2020, 11, 19 .
AMA StyleEun Tae Kim, Sang Seok Joo, Dong Hyeon Kim, Bon-Hee Gu, Da Som Park, Rahman Md Atikur, Jun Kyu Son, Beom Young Park, Sang Bum Kim, Tai-Young Hur, Myunghoo Kim. Common and Differential Dynamics of the Function of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells between Holstein and Jersey Cows in Heat-Stress Environment. Animals. 2020; 11 (1):19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEun Tae Kim; Sang Seok Joo; Dong Hyeon Kim; Bon-Hee Gu; Da Som Park; Rahman Md Atikur; Jun Kyu Son; Beom Young Park; Sang Bum Kim; Tai-Young Hur; Myunghoo Kim. 2020. "Common and Differential Dynamics of the Function of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells between Holstein and Jersey Cows in Heat-Stress Environment." Animals 11, no. 1: 19.
Early hematopoietic progenitors undergo sophisticated developmental processes to become committed innate lymphoid cell (ILC) progenitors and ultimately mature ILC subsets in the periphery. Basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (Batf) plays important roles in lymphocyte biology. We report here that Batf regulates the production of bone marrow ILC progenitors and maintenance of peripheral ILCs. The expression of Batf is induced during ILC development at the α-lymphoid progenitor stage in response to the cytokine IL-7. As a potential mechanism, up-regulated Batf binds and activates transcription of the Nfil3 gene to promote ILC hematopoiesis. Batf is necessary to maintain normal numbers of early and late ILC progenitors in the bone marrow and mature ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and NK cells in most peripheral tissues. Batf deficiency causes ILC lymphopenia, leading to defective ILC responses to inflammatory cytokines and defective immunity to enteric bacterial infections. Thus, Batf plays critical roles in bone marrow hematopoiesis, peripheral homeostasis, and effector functions of ILCs.
Qingyang Liu; Myung H. Kim; Leon Friesen; Chang H. Kim. BATF regulates innate lymphoid cell hematopoiesis and homeostasis. Science Immunology 2020, 5, eaaz8154 .
AMA StyleQingyang Liu, Myung H. Kim, Leon Friesen, Chang H. Kim. BATF regulates innate lymphoid cell hematopoiesis and homeostasis. Science Immunology. 2020; 5 (54):eaaz8154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQingyang Liu; Myung H. Kim; Leon Friesen; Chang H. Kim. 2020. "BATF regulates innate lymphoid cell hematopoiesis and homeostasis." Science Immunology 5, no. 54: eaaz8154.
Mi-Ryung Park; Jae Gyu Yoo; Chang-Gi Hur; Bo-Woong Sim; Myunghoo Kim; Jakyeom Seo; Byeong-Woo Kim; Byung-Wook Cho; Teak-Soon Shin; Teak-Soon Shin And Seong-Keun Cho. Effects of variation in the number and developmental stage of donor embryos and ovulation status of the surrogate mother on the efficiency of pig somatic cell cloning. Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology 2020, 35, 258 -264.
AMA StyleMi-Ryung Park, Jae Gyu Yoo, Chang-Gi Hur, Bo-Woong Sim, Myunghoo Kim, Jakyeom Seo, Byeong-Woo Kim, Byung-Wook Cho, Teak-Soon Shin, Teak-Soon Shin And Seong-Keun Cho. Effects of variation in the number and developmental stage of donor embryos and ovulation status of the surrogate mother on the efficiency of pig somatic cell cloning. Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology. 2020; 35 (3):258-264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMi-Ryung Park; Jae Gyu Yoo; Chang-Gi Hur; Bo-Woong Sim; Myunghoo Kim; Jakyeom Seo; Byeong-Woo Kim; Byung-Wook Cho; Teak-Soon Shin; Teak-Soon Shin And Seong-Keun Cho. 2020. "Effects of variation in the number and developmental stage of donor embryos and ovulation status of the surrogate mother on the efficiency of pig somatic cell cloning." Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology 35, no. 3: 258-264.
Weaned calves are susceptible to infectious diseases because of the stress and malnutrition that occurs during weaning. Therefore, the dairy industry requires effective feed additives to ameliorate stress responses and promote immunity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed yeast (HY) supplementation on the growth performance, immune and stress parameters, and health status of calves after weaning. Eighteen Holstein calves were randomly assigned to two groups, either receiving a control calf starter or 0.2% HY calf starter from one week of age. All calves were weaned at six weeks of age as a stress challenge. The HY-fed calves had a significantly-higher body weight gain during the post-weaning period (kg/week) compared to the control. Cortisol levels at three days post-weaning (DPW) were significantly lower in the HY group than the control group. Calves fed HY had significantly-higher serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β at one DPW. The HY-fed calves also had higher concentrations of the acute-phase proteins, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and transferrin at one DPW. In addition, the diarrhea severity in HY-fed calves was milder after weaning compared to the control group. Our results indicate that HY supplementation reduces stress responses and may promote innate immunity in newly-weaned calves.
Eun Tae Kim; Hyo Gun Lee; Dong Hyeon Kim; Jun Kyu Son; Byeong-Woo Kim; Sang Seok Joo; Da Som Park; Yei Ju Park; Se Young Lee; Myung Hoo Kim. Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation in Calf Starter Promotes Innate Immune Responses in Holstein Calves under Weaning Stress Condition. Animals 2020, 10, 1468 .
AMA StyleEun Tae Kim, Hyo Gun Lee, Dong Hyeon Kim, Jun Kyu Son, Byeong-Woo Kim, Sang Seok Joo, Da Som Park, Yei Ju Park, Se Young Lee, Myung Hoo Kim. Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation in Calf Starter Promotes Innate Immune Responses in Holstein Calves under Weaning Stress Condition. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEun Tae Kim; Hyo Gun Lee; Dong Hyeon Kim; Jun Kyu Son; Byeong-Woo Kim; Sang Seok Joo; Da Som Park; Yei Ju Park; Se Young Lee; Myung Hoo Kim. 2020. "Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation in Calf Starter Promotes Innate Immune Responses in Holstein Calves under Weaning Stress Condition." Animals 10, no. 9: 1468.
The microbial community within the rumen can be changed and shaped by heat stress. Accumulating data have suggested that different breeds of dairy cows have differential heat stress resistance; however, the underlying mechanism by which nonanimal factors contribute to heat stress are yet to be understood. This study is designed to determine changes in the rumen microbiome of Holstein and Jersey cows to normal and heat stress conditions. Under heat stress conditions, Holstein cows had a significantly higher respiration rate than Jersey cows. Heat stress increased the rectal temperature of Holstein but not Jersey cows. In the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, Jersey cows had a significantly higher proportion of genes associated with energy metabolism in the normal condition than that with other treatments. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) results identified six taxa as distinguishing taxa between normal and heat stress conditions in Holstein cows; in Jersey cows, 29 such taxa were identified. Changes in the rumen bacterial taxa were more sensitive to heat stress in Jersey cows than in Holstein cows, suggesting that the rumen mechanism is different in both breeds in adapting to heat stress. Collectively, distinct changes in rumen bacterial taxa and functional gene abundance in Jersey cows may be associated with better adaptation ability to heat stress.
Dong-Hyeon Kim; Myung-Hoo Kim; Sang-Bum Kim; Jun-Kyu Son; Ji-Hwan Lee; Sang-Seok Joo; Bon-Hee Gu; Tansol Park; Beom-Young Park; Eun-Tae Kim. Differential Dynamics of the Ruminal Microbiome of Jersey Cows in a Heat Stress Environment. Animals 2020, 10, 1127 .
AMA StyleDong-Hyeon Kim, Myung-Hoo Kim, Sang-Bum Kim, Jun-Kyu Son, Ji-Hwan Lee, Sang-Seok Joo, Bon-Hee Gu, Tansol Park, Beom-Young Park, Eun-Tae Kim. Differential Dynamics of the Ruminal Microbiome of Jersey Cows in a Heat Stress Environment. Animals. 2020; 10 (7):1127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong-Hyeon Kim; Myung-Hoo Kim; Sang-Bum Kim; Jun-Kyu Son; Ji-Hwan Lee; Sang-Seok Joo; Bon-Hee Gu; Tansol Park; Beom-Young Park; Eun-Tae Kim. 2020. "Differential Dynamics of the Ruminal Microbiome of Jersey Cows in a Heat Stress Environment." Animals 10, no. 7: 1127.
한국가금학회지(The Journal of Curriculum Evaluation)
Su Hyun An; Sang Seok Joo; Hyo Gun Lee; Z-Hun Kim; Chang Soo Lee; Myunghoo Kim; Changsu Kong. Supplementation of Indigenous Green Microalga (Parachlorella sp.) to Pre-starter Diet for Broiler Chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 2020, 47, 49 -59.
AMA StyleSu Hyun An, Sang Seok Joo, Hyo Gun Lee, Z-Hun Kim, Chang Soo Lee, Myunghoo Kim, Changsu Kong. Supplementation of Indigenous Green Microalga (Parachlorella sp.) to Pre-starter Diet for Broiler Chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science. 2020; 47 (1):49-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu Hyun An; Sang Seok Joo; Hyo Gun Lee; Z-Hun Kim; Chang Soo Lee; Myunghoo Kim; Changsu Kong. 2020. "Supplementation of Indigenous Green Microalga (Parachlorella sp.) to Pre-starter Diet for Broiler Chickens." Korean Journal of Poultry Science 47, no. 1: 49-59.
The study was conducted to investigate variations in the immunophysiological responses to exercise-induced stress in Jeju and Thoroughbred horses. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of adult Jeju (n = 5) and Thoroughbred (n = 5) horses before and after 30 min of exercise. The hematological, biochemical, and immunological profiles of the blood samples were analyzed. Blood smears were stained and observed under a microscope. The concentration of cell-free (cf) DNA in the plasma was determined using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells were separated using Polymorphprep, and the expression of various stress-related and chemokine receptor genes was measured using reverse transcriptase (RT) and real-time PCR. After exercise, Jeju and Thoroughbred horses displayed stress responses with significantly increased rectal temperatures, cortisol levels, and muscle catabolism-associated metabolites. Red blood cell indices were significantly higher in Thoroughbred horses than in Jeju horses after exercise. In addition, exercise-induced stress triggered the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reduced platelet counts in Jeju horses but not in Thoroughbred horses. Heat shock protein 72 and heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 expression is rapidly modulated in response to exercise-induced stress in the PBMCs of Jeju horses. The expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 in PBMCs was higher in Thoroughbred horses than in Jeju horses after exercise. In summary, the different immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses explain the differences in the physiological and anatomical properties of the two breeds. The physiology of Thoroughbred horses makes them suitable for racing as they are less sensitive to exercise-induced stress compared to that of Jeju horses. This study provides a basis for investigating the link between exercise-induced stresses and the physiological alteration of horses. Hence, our findings show that some of assessed parameters could be used to determine the endurance performance of horses.
Saichit Khummuang; Hyo Gun Lee; Sang Seok Joo; Jeong-Woong Park; Jae-Young Choi; Jin Hyeog Oh; Kyoung Hwan Kim; Hyun-Hee Youn; Myunghoo Kim; Byung-Wook Cho. Comparison for immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses after exercise. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2020, 33, 424 -435.
AMA StyleSaichit Khummuang, Hyo Gun Lee, Sang Seok Joo, Jeong-Woong Park, Jae-Young Choi, Jin Hyeog Oh, Kyoung Hwan Kim, Hyun-Hee Youn, Myunghoo Kim, Byung-Wook Cho. Comparison for immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses after exercise. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2020; 33 (3):424-435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaichit Khummuang; Hyo Gun Lee; Sang Seok Joo; Jeong-Woong Park; Jae-Young Choi; Jin Hyeog Oh; Kyoung Hwan Kim; Hyun-Hee Youn; Myunghoo Kim; Byung-Wook Cho. 2020. "Comparison for immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses after exercise." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 3: 424-435.
Among stress responses, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a well-known mechanism related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress is induced by a variety of external and environmental factors such as starvation, ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and heat stress. Inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-box protein 1 (XBP1) is the most conserved pathway involved in the UPR and is the main component that mediates IRE1α signalling to downstream ER-associated degradation (ERAD)- or UPR-related genes. XBP1 is a transcription factor synthesised via a novel mechanism called 'frame switch splicing', and this process has not yet been studied in the horse XBP1 gene. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the frame switch splicing of horse XBP1 and characterise its dynamics using Thoroughbred muscle cells exposed to heat stress. Primary horse muscle cells were used to investigate heat stress-induced frame switch splicing of horse XBP1. Frame switch splicing was confirmed by sequencing analysis. XBP1 amino acid sequences and promoter sequences of various species were aligned to confirm the sequence homology and to find conserved cis-acting elements, respectively. The expression of the potential XBP1 downstream genes were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We confirmed that splicing of horse XBP1 mRNA was affected by the duration of thermal stress. Twenty-six nucleotides in the mRNA of XBP1 were deleted after heat stress. The protein sequence and the cis-regulatory elements on the promoter of horse XBP1 are highly conserved among the mammals. Induction of putative downstream genes of horse XBP1 was dependent on the duration of heat stress. We confirmed that both the mechanisms of XBP1 frame switch splicing and various binding elements found in downstream gene promoters are highly evolutionarily conserved. The frame switch splicing of horse XBP1 and its dynamics were highly conserved among species. These results facilitate studies of ER-stress in horse.
Hyo Gun Lee; Saichit Khummuang; Hyun-Hee Youn; Jeong-Woong Park; Jae-Young Choi; Teak-Soon Shin; Seong-Keun Cho; Byeong-Woo Kim; Jakyeom Seo; Myunghoo Kim; Tae Sub Park; Byung-Wook Cho. The effect of heat stress on frame switch splicing of X-box binding protein 1 gene in horse. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2019, 32, 1095 -1103.
AMA StyleHyo Gun Lee, Saichit Khummuang, Hyun-Hee Youn, Jeong-Woong Park, Jae-Young Choi, Teak-Soon Shin, Seong-Keun Cho, Byeong-Woo Kim, Jakyeom Seo, Myunghoo Kim, Tae Sub Park, Byung-Wook Cho. The effect of heat stress on frame switch splicing of X-box binding protein 1 gene in horse. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2019; 32 (8):1095-1103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyo Gun Lee; Saichit Khummuang; Hyun-Hee Youn; Jeong-Woong Park; Jae-Young Choi; Teak-Soon Shin; Seong-Keun Cho; Byeong-Woo Kim; Jakyeom Seo; Myunghoo Kim; Tae Sub Park; Byung-Wook Cho. 2019. "The effect of heat stress on frame switch splicing of X-box binding protein 1 gene in horse." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32, no. 8: 1095-1103.