Marrubium vulgare is a plant with high bioactive potential. It contains marrubiin, a labdane diterpene that is characteristic for this genus, as well as a complex mixture of phenolic compounds. According to numerous studies, M. vulgare acts as a good antioxidant agent, and due to this, it could potentially be useful in treatments of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and liver diseases. In addition, its anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and sedative potential are discussed. Apart from that, its antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram+ bacteria, fungi, herpes simplex virus, and parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium berghei-berghei was recorded. Additionally, it could be used as a chicken lice repellent, herbicide, and natural insecticide against mosquito larvae and natural molluscicide. In veterinary medicine, M. vulgare can be used as an anthelmintic against the eggs and larvae of bovine strongyles parasites, and as an antibiotic against bovine mastitis caused by resistant bacterial strains. Due to the mentioned benefits, there is a tendency for the cultivation of M. vulgare in order to ensure high-quality raw material, but more firm scientific evidence and well-designed clinical trials are necessary for the well-established use of M. vulgare herb and its preparations.

Introduction. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae) is a widely used plant in traditional medicine used for prevention and treatment of various diseases. High content of phenolic compounds makes it a significant source of natural antioxidants. The aim of this research was to examine in vitro antioxidant properties and anticholinesterase activity of horehound water-alcoholic extract, followed by preliminary chemical characterization of horehound. Material and Methods. The in vitro antioxidant potentials of horehound water-alcoholic extract were assessed using several antioxidant testsystems (neutralization of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and nitroso radical, determination of ferric reducing potential, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation). Preliminary chemical profiling of the extract included estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while anticholinesterase potential of the examined extract was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the obtained extract were 59.87 ? 7.31 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry extract and 14.47 ? 0.54 mg quercetin equivalents/g of dry extract respectively. Furthermore, significant antioxidant potential was noticed in the ferric reducing potential assay (64.07 ? 2.68 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g of dry extract), while concentrations needed for neutralization of 50% (IC50) of generated 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitroso and hydroxyl were 13.41 ?g/mL, 64.86 ?g/mL and 63.99 ?g/mL, respectively. The potential of the extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation process was modest (IC50 = 823.82 ?g/mL), while in the case of anticholinesterase potential, the recorded IC50 value was 2821.15 ?g/mL. Conclusion. Horehound represents a significant natural antioxidant, mostly as a result of high levels of phenolic compounds. In addition, the examined ethanol extract has a certain anticholinesterase activity.

Introduction. Even in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy, the mortality rate in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection remains high, especially with a contributing diagnosis of a malignant disease, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Given the previous, the goal of this research was to establish the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients, as well as to determine their clinical characteristics and mortality in regard to patients with human immunodeficiency virus only. Material and Methods. The retrospective study included 396 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Medical records were reviewed to analyze the average age, duration of infection, average duration of therapy, nCD4+ T-cell count, human immunodeficiency virus viral load, as well as the number and types of malignant diseases. Results. The average age of the patients was 44.2 years; the average nCD4+ T-cell count was 296.94 cells/?L, while the mortality rate was 14.65%. The leading causes of death were non-Hodgkin lymphoma and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The most frequently diagnosed malignancy was non-Hodgkin lymphoma, where the average count of nCD4+ T-cells was 162.29 cells/?L. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus and non-Hodgkin lymphoma had significantly lower nCD4+ T-cell count, in regard to patients with human immunodeficiency virus only, and the mortality rate in this group of patients was 85%. Conclusion. The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients represents a growing threat, given the exceptionally high mortality. The nCD4+ T-cell count may indicate acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus together are predictors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its poor outcome. It points to the importance of increasing the scope of human immunodeficiency virus testing, as well as finding a better treatment approach.