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Dr. Andy Booth
Department of Environment and New Recources, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway

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0 Bioavailability
0 Biodegradation
0 Dissolution
0 Bioaccumulation

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microplastics
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ecotoxicity
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Journal article
Published: 16 August 2021 in Environments
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In this study, we conducted and documented workshops and interviews in Norway and Slovenia to identify stakeholder and future generation opinions and mitigation strategies for solving one of the most prominent environmental issues: plastic pollution. As part of the EU H2020 project GoJelly, stakeholders were brought together to explore their perceptions on considering jellyfish mucus as a new resource to contribute to reducing plastic pollution from entering the marine environment. The study was conducted in the spring of 2019, in a context directly after the European Union (EU) announced its Directive to ban the most commonly used single-use plastic (SUP) items. The study applied the snowball method as a methodological choice to identify relevant stakeholders. Systems thinking was utilized as a participatory modelling approach, which allowed for the creation of conceptual mind maps from the various workshops and interviews, to understand consumers’ consciousness, and to map out ideas on plastic pollution reduction. Plastic pollution takes place on a global scale and stakeholders discussed their individual perceptions of national and international solutions that could be put in place to solve it, including the opportunities around utilizing jellyfish mucus to filter and capture micro- and nanoplastic. We found that industry stakeholders in both case areas were generally more accepting of policy and increased innovation moving forward, but placed weight on the scientific community to conduct more research on the pollution issue and propose solutions. Future generation stakeholders (youth aged 14–18), however, put emphasis on consumer behavior and buying patterns of single-use products fueling the plastic crisis.

ACS Style

Emily Cowan; Andy M. Booth; Andreas Misund; Katja Klun; Ana Rotter; Rachel Tiller. Single-Use Plastic Bans: Exploring Stakeholder Perspectives on Best Practices for Reducing Plastic Pollution. Environments 2021, 8, 81 .

AMA Style

Emily Cowan, Andy M. Booth, Andreas Misund, Katja Klun, Ana Rotter, Rachel Tiller. Single-Use Plastic Bans: Exploring Stakeholder Perspectives on Best Practices for Reducing Plastic Pollution. Environments. 2021; 8 (8):81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily Cowan; Andy M. Booth; Andreas Misund; Katja Klun; Ana Rotter; Rachel Tiller. 2021. "Single-Use Plastic Bans: Exploring Stakeholder Perspectives on Best Practices for Reducing Plastic Pollution." Environments 8, no. 8: 81.

Article
Published: 20 July 2021 in Nature Communications
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Plastic garbage patches at the ocean surface are symptomatic of a wider pollution affecting the whole marine environment. Sinking of plastic debris increasingly appears to be an important process in the global fate of plastic in the ocean. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the processes affecting plastic distributions and degradation and how this influences the release of additives under varying environmental conditions, especially in deep-sea environments. Here we show that in abiotic conditions increasing hydrostatic pressure inhibits the leaching of the heaviest organic additives such as tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and diisononyl phthalate from polyethylene and polyvinylchloride materials, whereas deep-sea and surface marine prokaryotes promote the release of all targeted additives (phthalates, bisphenols, organophosphate esters). This study provides empirical evidences for more efficient additive release at the ocean surface than in deep seawater, where the major plastic burden is supposed to transit through before reaching the sediment compartment.

ACS Style

Vincent Fauvelle; Marc Garel; Christian Tamburini; David Nerini; Javier Castro-Jiménez; Natascha Schmidt; Andrea Paluselli; Armand Fahs; Laure Papillon; Andy M. Booth; Richard Sempéré. Organic additive release from plastic to seawater is lower under deep-sea conditions. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Vincent Fauvelle, Marc Garel, Christian Tamburini, David Nerini, Javier Castro-Jiménez, Natascha Schmidt, Andrea Paluselli, Armand Fahs, Laure Papillon, Andy M. Booth, Richard Sempéré. Organic additive release from plastic to seawater is lower under deep-sea conditions. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vincent Fauvelle; Marc Garel; Christian Tamburini; David Nerini; Javier Castro-Jiménez; Natascha Schmidt; Andrea Paluselli; Armand Fahs; Laure Papillon; Andy M. Booth; Richard Sempéré. 2021. "Organic additive release from plastic to seawater is lower under deep-sea conditions." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2021 in Materials
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This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

ACS Style

Mirosław Kwiatkowski; Jarosław Serafin; Andy Booth; Beata Michalkiewicz. Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody. Materials 2021, 14, 2951 .

AMA Style

Mirosław Kwiatkowski, Jarosław Serafin, Andy Booth, Beata Michalkiewicz. Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody. Materials. 2021; 14 (11):2951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mirosław Kwiatkowski; Jarosław Serafin; Andy Booth; Beata Michalkiewicz. 2021. "Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody." Materials 14, no. 11: 2951.

Rapid communication
Published: 30 December 2020 in Environmental Science & Technology Letters
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Microplastic fibers (MPFs) from textiles significantly contribute to the microplastic (MP) load in many environmental matrices and have been shown to negatively impact the organisms therein. Most fate and effect studies to date rely on pristine reference MP materials that have limited relevance compared with the partially degraded MP particles and fibers typically present in the natural environment. The current study aimed to develop and validate a rapid method to generate environmentally relevant polyester (PET) MPF reference material with controllable levels of degradation. Importantly, the method produced the same degradation products (terephthalic acid (TA) and ethylene glycol (EG)) as those generated during natural UV (sunlight) exposure of PET. Alkaline hydrolysis provided linearly increasing degrees of degraded PET MPFs over just a few hours, with full decomposition into molecular fragments occurring after 3 h. The extent of physical degradation was determined by scanning electron microscopy, whereas chemical degradation was quantified by measuring the production of TA and EG degradation products. The proposed accelerated hydrolysis degradation method is relevant for producing partially degraded PET MPF reference materials for use in fate and effect studies.

ACS Style

Antonio Sarno; Kjell Olafsen; Stephan Kubowicz; Fuad Karimov; Shannen T. L. Sait; Lisbet Sørensen; Andy M. Booth. Accelerated Hydrolysis Method for Producing Partially Degraded Polyester Microplastic Fiber Reference Materials. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2020, 8, 250 -255.

AMA Style

Antonio Sarno, Kjell Olafsen, Stephan Kubowicz, Fuad Karimov, Shannen T. L. Sait, Lisbet Sørensen, Andy M. Booth. Accelerated Hydrolysis Method for Producing Partially Degraded Polyester Microplastic Fiber Reference Materials. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 2020; 8 (3):250-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Sarno; Kjell Olafsen; Stephan Kubowicz; Fuad Karimov; Shannen T. L. Sait; Lisbet Sørensen; Andy M. Booth. 2020. "Accelerated Hydrolysis Method for Producing Partially Degraded Polyester Microplastic Fiber Reference Materials." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 8, no. 3: 250-255.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Microplastic (MP) pollution is attracting growing global attention, but little is known about the factors influencing MP occurrence and distributions in marine sediments. Here, MPs were sampled from the sediments of two semi-enclosed bays (Jinghai Bay and Laizhou Bay) and two coastal open zones (Lancelet Reserve and Solen grandis Reserve) in China. The order of MP abundance was Jinghai Bay > Laizhou Bay > Lancelet Reserve > Solen grandis Reserve. Average MP diversity indices for Laizhou Bay (1.84 ± 0.18), Lancelet Reserve (1.59 ± 0.43), S. grandis Reserve (1.58 ± 0.89), and Jinghai Bay (1.43 ± 0.14) revealed Laizhou Bay had the most complicated MP sources. A significant negative correlation between MP abundance and sediment grain size occurred in the semi-enclosed coastal zones (p = 0.004, r = −0.618) rather than in the open coastal zones (p = 0.051, r = −0.480), indicating small sediment particles can strongly enhance MP accumulation in semi-enclosed costal sediments. Although anthropogenic activities influence the MP distribution at source, the composition of regional and local sediments might impact MP occurrence in semi-enclosed coastal zones from the sink. These results help to improve our understanding of the fate and inventory of MPs in coastal sediments.

ACS Style

Xuemei Sun; Teng Wang; Bijuan Chen; Andy M. Booth; Shufang Liu; Rongyuan Wang; Lin Zhu; Xinguo Zhao; Keming Qu; Bin Xia. Factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in coastal sediments: From source to sink. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 410, 124982 .

AMA Style

Xuemei Sun, Teng Wang, Bijuan Chen, Andy M. Booth, Shufang Liu, Rongyuan Wang, Lin Zhu, Xinguo Zhao, Keming Qu, Bin Xia. Factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in coastal sediments: From source to sink. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 410 ():124982.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuemei Sun; Teng Wang; Bijuan Chen; Andy M. Booth; Shufang Liu; Rongyuan Wang; Lin Zhu; Xinguo Zhao; Keming Qu; Bin Xia. 2020. "Factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in coastal sediments: From source to sink." Journal of Hazardous Materials 410, no. : 124982.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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Microplastic fibres (MPFs) often make up the largest fraction of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments, yet little is known about their degradative fate and persistence. This study investigates the environmentally relevant photodegradation of common MPFs: polyester (PET), polyamide (PA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), their respective additive chemical profile, together with their potential for additive leaching. MPFs were subject to ultraviolet (UV) exposure in seawater and freshwater media over 10 months. PET and PA MPFs showed significant fragmentation and surface changes following UV exposure, additionally PA showed evidence of chemical changes. PAN did not undergo significant photodegradation in the same exposure period. Chemicals tentatively identified in MPFs and aqueous leachates via non-target gas chromatography-mass spectrometry include monomers, UV stabilisers and degradation products. Characterisation of several bisphenols (BPs) and benzophenones (BzPs) was performed via ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bisphenol A, bisphenol S and benzophenone-3 were quantified in all MPFs and wool at concentrations between 4.3 - 501 ng/g, with wool displaying the highest sum concentration of BPs and BzPs at 863 and 27 ng/g, respectively.

ACS Style

Shannen T.L. Sait; Lisbet Sørensen; Stephan Kubowicz; Kristine Vike-Jonas; Susana V. Gonzalez; Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos; Andy M. Booth. Microplastic fibres from synthetic textiles: Environmental degradation and additive chemical content. Environmental Pollution 2020, 268, 115745 .

AMA Style

Shannen T.L. Sait, Lisbet Sørensen, Stephan Kubowicz, Kristine Vike-Jonas, Susana V. Gonzalez, Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Andy M. Booth. Microplastic fibres from synthetic textiles: Environmental degradation and additive chemical content. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 268 ():115745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shannen T.L. Sait; Lisbet Sørensen; Stephan Kubowicz; Kristine Vike-Jonas; Susana V. Gonzalez; Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos; Andy M. Booth. 2020. "Microplastic fibres from synthetic textiles: Environmental degradation and additive chemical content." Environmental Pollution 268, no. : 115745.

Research article
Published: 27 August 2020 in Environmental Science & Technology
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In this study, the effects of aged Ag and TiO2 NPs, individually and as a mixture, in wastewater relative to their pristine counterparts on the development of the copepod nauplii (Tisbe battagliai) were investigated. NP behavior in synthetic wastewater and seawater was characterized during aging and exposure. A delayed development and subsequent mortality was observed after 6 days of exposure to aged Ag NPs, with a 2-fold decrease in EC50 (316 µg/L) compared to pristine NPs (EC50 640 µg/L) despite the similar dissolved Ag concentrations measured for aged and pristine Ag NPs (441 µg/L and 378 µg/L, respectively). In co-exposures with TiO2 NPs, higher dissolved Ag levels were measured for aged NPs (238.3 µg/L) relative to pristine NPs (98.57 µg/L). Co-exposure resulted in a slight decrease (15%) in the Ag NP EC50 (270 µg/L) with a 1.9-fold increase in Ag NP retained within the organisms after depuration (2.82% retention) compared to Ag NP single exposures as measured with sp-ICP-MS suggesting that the particles are still bioavailable despite the heteroaggregation observed between Ag, Ti NPs and wastewater components. This study shows that the presence of TiO2 NPs can affect the stability and toxicity of Ag NPs in complex media that cannot be predicted solely based on ionic, total or nanoparticulate concentrations and the need for studying NP interactions in more complex matrices is highlighted.

ACS Style

Anastasia Georgantzopoulou; Julia Farkas; Kuria Ndungu; Claire Coutris; Patricia Almeida Carvalho; Andy M. Booth; Ailbhe Macken. Wastewater-Aged Silver Nanoparticles in Single and Combined Exposures with Titanium Dioxide Affect the Early Development of the Marine Copepod Tisbe battagliai. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54, 12316 -12325.

AMA Style

Anastasia Georgantzopoulou, Julia Farkas, Kuria Ndungu, Claire Coutris, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, Andy M. Booth, Ailbhe Macken. Wastewater-Aged Silver Nanoparticles in Single and Combined Exposures with Titanium Dioxide Affect the Early Development of the Marine Copepod Tisbe battagliai. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 54 (19):12316-12325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anastasia Georgantzopoulou; Julia Farkas; Kuria Ndungu; Claire Coutris; Patricia Almeida Carvalho; Andy M. Booth; Ailbhe Macken. 2020. "Wastewater-Aged Silver Nanoparticles in Single and Combined Exposures with Titanium Dioxide Affect the Early Development of the Marine Copepod Tisbe battagliai." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 19: 12316-12325.

Website
Published: 30 July 2020 in Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
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Plastic debris is a global threat to marine wildlife, as it is present in all marine habitats, from the sea surface through the water column and down to the sediments (Kanhai et al. 2018; Law et al. 2014; Maes et al. 2017), from beaches and the littoral zones to the deep sea (de Carvalho and Baptista Neto 2016; Naji et al. 2017; Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2013), as well as from the tropics to the poles. Adverse effects of macroplastic (>5 mm in size) have been shown in fish, turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals (Gall and Thompson 2015). Entanglement in lost or discarded fishing gear and other debris has been observed for many species (Laist 1997), but also lethal and sub-lethal effects resulting directly from the ingestion of plastic debris (Baulch and Perry 2014; Kühn et al. 2015; Schuyler et al. 2014). Microplastic particles (MPs; <1 mm) are less obvious and more difficult to study, but readily bioavailable through direct and passive ingestion to a wide range of aquatic organisms owing to their small size. Small organisms, such as marine zooplankton and early life stages of large organisms are especially likely to interact with MPs (Desforges et al. 2015), but also marine filter feeders ranging in size from minute plankton to whales. While the size of the ingested plastic depends on the type, body size, and life stage of the organism (Cole et al. 2013; Ramos et al. 2012; Ryan et al. 2009), existing knowledge concerning the impacts and mechanisms of toxicity of larger plastic litter items on marine animals may be transferable to those organisms that ingest small MPs, but this remains to be demonstrated (Ross and Morales-Caselles 2015). For example, obstruction or blockage of the intestinal tract or digestive organs can prevent further ingestion of food or diminish the triggering of feeding stimuli (pseudo-satiation) in both large and small organisms (Kühn et al. 2015).

ACS Style

Claudia Halsband; Andy Booth. Ecological Impacts of Particulate Plastics in Marine Ecosystems. Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments 2020, 231 -246.

AMA Style

Claudia Halsband, Andy Booth. Ecological Impacts of Particulate Plastics in Marine Ecosystems. Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments. 2020; ():231-246.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Halsband; Andy Booth. 2020. "Ecological Impacts of Particulate Plastics in Marine Ecosystems." Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments , no. : 231-246.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2020 in Aquatic Toxicology
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While it is likely that ENPs may occur together with other contaminants in nature, the combined effects of exposure to both ENPs and environmental contaminants are not studied sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the acute and sublethal toxicity of PVP coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver (Ag+; administered as AgNO3) to the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We further studied effects of single exposures to AgNPs (nominal concentrations: low 15 μg L−1 NPL, high 150 μg L−1 NPH) or Ag+ (60 μg L−1), and effects of co-exposure to AgNPs, Ag+ and the water-soluble fraction (WSF; 100 μg L−1) of a crude oil (AgNP + WSF; Ag++WSF). The gene expression and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes SOD, CAT and GST, as well as the gene expression of HSP90 and CYP330A1 were determined as sublethal endpoints. Results show that Ag+ was more acutely toxic compared to AgNPs, with 96 h LC50 concentrations of 403 μg L−1 for AgNPs, and 147 μg L−1 for Ag+. Organismal uptake of Ag following exposure was similar for AgNP and Ag+, and was not significantly different when co-exposed to WSF. Exposure to AgNPs alone caused increases in gene expressions of GST and SOD, whereas WSF exposure caused an induction in SOD. Responses in enzyme activities were generally low, with significant effects observed only on SOD activity in NPL and WSF exposures and on GST activity in NPL and NPH exposures. Combined AgNP and WSF exposures caused slightly altered responses in expression of SOD, GST and CYP330A1 genes compared to the single exposures of either AgNPs or WSF. However, there was no clear pattern of cumulative effects caused by co-exposures of AgNPs and WSF. The present study indicates that the exposure to AgNPs, Ag+, and to a lesser degree WSF cause an oxidative stress response in C. finmarchicus, which was slightly, but mostly not significantly altered in combined exposures. This indicated that the combined effects between Ag and WSF are relatively limited, at least with regard to oxidative stress.

ACS Style

J. Farkas; V. Cappadona; A.J. Olsen; B.H. Hansen; W. Posch; T.M. Ciesielski; R. Goodhead; D. Wilflingseder; M. Blatzer; D. Altin; Julian Moger; A.M. Booth; B.M. Jenssen. Combined effects of exposure to engineered silver nanoparticles and the water-soluble fraction of crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Aquatic Toxicology 2020, 227, 105582 .

AMA Style

J. Farkas, V. Cappadona, A.J. Olsen, B.H. Hansen, W. Posch, T.M. Ciesielski, R. Goodhead, D. Wilflingseder, M. Blatzer, D. Altin, Julian Moger, A.M. Booth, B.M. Jenssen. Combined effects of exposure to engineered silver nanoparticles and the water-soluble fraction of crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Aquatic Toxicology. 2020; 227 ():105582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Farkas; V. Cappadona; A.J. Olsen; B.H. Hansen; W. Posch; T.M. Ciesielski; R. Goodhead; D. Wilflingseder; M. Blatzer; D. Altin; Julian Moger; A.M. Booth; B.M. Jenssen. 2020. "Combined effects of exposure to engineered silver nanoparticles and the water-soluble fraction of crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus." Aquatic Toxicology 227, no. : 105582.

Original research article
Published: 23 July 2020 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Crumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied to synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g., pigments, oils, resins), ELTs contain a range of other organic compound and heavy metal additives. While previous environmental impact studies on CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, many sites applying CRG in Norway are coastal. The current study investigated the organic chemical and metal additive content of ‘pristine’ and ‘weathered’ CRG and their seawater leachates, as well as uptake and effects of leachate exposure using marine copepods (Acartia and Calanus sp.). A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g., bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis revealed g kg–1 quantities of Zn and mg kg–1 quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the CRG. A cocktail of organic additives and metals readily leached from the CRG into seawater, with the most abundant leachate components being benzothiazole and Zn, Fe, Co (metals), as well as detectable levels of PAHs and phenolic compounds. Concentrations of individual components varied with CRG source material and CRG to seawater ratio, but benzothiazole and Zn were typically the organic and metal components present at the highest concentrations in the leachates. While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30-day period. Marine copepods exposed to high CRG leachate concentrations exhibited high mortalities within 48 h. The smaller lipid-poor Acartia had a higher sensitivity to leachates than the larger lipid-rich Calanus, indicating species-specific differences in vulnerability to leachates. The effect on survival was alleviated at lower leachate concentrations, indicating a dose-response relationship. Benzothiazole and its derivatives appear to be of concern owing to their proven toxicity, while bisphenols are also known to be toxic and were enriched in the leachates relative to the other compounds in the CRG.

ACS Style

Claudia Halsband; Lisbet Sørensen; Andy Booth; Dorte Herzke. Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems? Frontiers in Environmental Science 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudia Halsband, Lisbet Sørensen, Andy Booth, Dorte Herzke. Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems? Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2020; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Halsband; Lisbet Sørensen; Andy Booth; Dorte Herzke. 2020. "Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems?" Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The current study focuses on the occurrence and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) and spatial distribution and pollution status of heavy metals in the water and sediments of the coral reef ecosystems associated with the Tuticorin and Vembar groups of islands in the Gulf of Mannar, southeast India. Mean abundance of MPs varies from 60 ± 54 to 126.6 ± 97 items/L in water and from 50 ± 29 to 103.8 ± 87 items/kg in sediment. Water and sediment samples from the Tuticorin islands contain higher MP concentrations than the Vembar islands. The highest MP were observed in the mainland samples, while MP distributions in the shoreward direction i.e. towards the islands closely reflect those of the mainland (p < 0.05). Polyethylene is the most common polymer, with fibers (1–3 mm) being the most abundant form in water and fragments (3–5 mm) being the most abundant in sediment. Pollution indices such as enrichment and contamination factors indicate moderate contamination of sediments by Zn, Hg, Cd, Pb and Ni. Heavy metal associated with MPs are greater than those in sediments, and this indicates that MP may be a source of metal pollution or that metals from the sediment preferentially partition to MPs. SEM analysis highlights the presence of cracks, protrusions and depositions on the surface of many MPs, indicating partial degradation. EDAX frequently showed the presence of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Fe associated with MP surfaces. This study offers an insight into the level of MPs and associated elements that filter feeding corals in the region are exposed to current.

ACS Style

Jamila Patterson; K. Immaculate Jeyasanta; Narmatha Sathish; J.K. Patterson Edward; Andy Booth. Microplastic and heavy metal distributions in an Indian coral reef ecosystem. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 744, 140706 .

AMA Style

Jamila Patterson, K. Immaculate Jeyasanta, Narmatha Sathish, J.K. Patterson Edward, Andy Booth. Microplastic and heavy metal distributions in an Indian coral reef ecosystem. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 744 ():140706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jamila Patterson; K. Immaculate Jeyasanta; Narmatha Sathish; J.K. Patterson Edward; Andy Booth. 2020. "Microplastic and heavy metal distributions in an Indian coral reef ecosystem." Science of The Total Environment 744, no. : 140706.

Reference work
Published: 16 June 2020 in Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment
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Microplastic pollution has been reported in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, from the sea surface to sediments, from beaches to the deep sea, from lakes to rivers, from the tropics to the poles, and in a wide range of organisms representing different trophic levels. Our current understanding of microplastic behavior has increased in recent years, but we still lack the ability to reliably predict exposure hotspots or exposure scenarios. This is further complicated by degradation processes, biofouling, and ingestion by organisms that change plastic particle properties and result in largely unpredictable changes to their environmental fate. While the quantity of data available on microplastic concentrations in different environmental compartments and different species has increased significantly, this is not matched with a comparable amount of experimental microplastic uptake, accumulation, and effects data, especially for organisms in freshwater and terrestrial environmental compartments. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the sources, fate, uptake, accumulation, and effects of microplastic in different environmental compartments. The roles of degradation, biofouling, and additive chemical content, as well as more uptake and mechanistic effects studies utilizing relevant microplastic reference materials, are highlighted as challenges that need to be addressed moving toward risk assessment of microplastic pollution.

ACS Style

Andy M. Booth; Lisbet Sørensen. Microplastic Fate and Impacts in the Environment. Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment 2020, 1 -24.

AMA Style

Andy M. Booth, Lisbet Sørensen. Microplastic Fate and Impacts in the Environment. Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. 2020; ():1-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andy M. Booth; Lisbet Sørensen. 2020. "Microplastic Fate and Impacts in the Environment." Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment , no. : 1-24.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Marine Pollution Bulletin
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Using nominal dose metrics to describe exposure conditions in laboratory-based microplastic uptake and effects studies may not adequately represent the true exposure to the organisms in the test system, making data interpretation challenging. In the current study, a novel overhead stirring method using flocculators was assessed for maintaining polystyrene (PS) microbeads (Ø10.4 μm; 1.05 g cm−3) in suspension in seawater during 24 h and then compared with static and rotational exposure setups. Under optimized conditions, the system was able to maintain 59% of the initial PS microbeads in suspension after 24 h, compared to 6% using a static system and 100% using a rotating plankton wheel. Our findings document for the first time that overhead stirring as well as other, commonly used exposure systems (static) are unable to maintain constant microplastic exposure conditions in laboratory setups whereas rotation is very effective. This suggests toxicological studies employing either static or overhead stirring systems may be greatly overestimating the true microplastic exposure conditions.

ACS Style

Iurgi Salaberria; Colette Nadvornik-Vincent; Giovanna Monticelli; Dag Altin; Andy M. Booth. Microplastic dispersal behavior in a novel overhead stirring aqueous exposure system. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020, 157, 111328 .

AMA Style

Iurgi Salaberria, Colette Nadvornik-Vincent, Giovanna Monticelli, Dag Altin, Andy M. Booth. Microplastic dispersal behavior in a novel overhead stirring aqueous exposure system. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2020; 157 ():111328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iurgi Salaberria; Colette Nadvornik-Vincent; Giovanna Monticelli; Dag Altin; Andy M. Booth. 2020. "Microplastic dispersal behavior in a novel overhead stirring aqueous exposure system." Marine Pollution Bulletin 157, no. : 111328.

Research article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Applied Spectroscopy
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The ubiquitous pollution of the environment with microplastics, a diverse suite of contaminants, is of growing concern for science and currently receives considerable public, political, and academic attention. The potential impact of microplastics in the environment has prompted a great deal of research in recent years. Many diverse methods have been developed to answer different questions about microplastic pollution, from sources, transport, and fate in the environment, and about effects on humans and wildlife. These methods are often insufficiently described, making studies neither comparable nor reproducible. The proliferation of new microplastic investigations and cross-study syntheses to answer larger scale questions are hampered. This diverse group of 23 researchers think these issues can begin to be overcome through the adoption of a set of reporting guidelines. This collaboration was created using an open science framework that we detail for future use. Here, we suggest harmonized reporting guidelines for microplastic studies in environmental and laboratory settings through all steps of a typical study, including best practices for reporting materials, quality assurance/quality control, data, field sampling, sample preparation, microplastic identification, microplastic categorization, microplastic quantification, and considerations for toxicology studies. We developed three easy to use documents, a detailed document, a checklist, and a mind map, that can be used to reference the reporting guidelines quickly. We intend that these reporting guidelines support the annotation, dissemination, interpretation, reviewing, and synthesis of microplastic research. Through open access licensing (CC BY 4.0), these documents aim to increase the validity, reproducibility, and comparability of studies in this field for the benefit of the global community.

ACS Style

Win Cowger; Andy M. Booth; Bonnie M. Hamilton; Clara Thaysen; Sebastian Primpke; Keenan Munno; Amy L. Lusher; Alexandre Dehaut; Vitor P. Vaz; Max Liboiron; Lisa I. Devriese; Ludovic Hermabessiere; Chelsea Rochman; Samantha N. Athey; Jennifer M. Lynch; Hannah De Frond; Andrew Gray; Oliver A.H. Jones; Susanne Brander; Clare Steele; Shelly Moore; Alterra Sanchez; Holly Nel. Reporting Guidelines to Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics. Applied Spectroscopy 2020, 74, 1066 -1077.

AMA Style

Win Cowger, Andy M. Booth, Bonnie M. Hamilton, Clara Thaysen, Sebastian Primpke, Keenan Munno, Amy L. Lusher, Alexandre Dehaut, Vitor P. Vaz, Max Liboiron, Lisa I. Devriese, Ludovic Hermabessiere, Chelsea Rochman, Samantha N. Athey, Jennifer M. Lynch, Hannah De Frond, Andrew Gray, Oliver A.H. Jones, Susanne Brander, Clare Steele, Shelly Moore, Alterra Sanchez, Holly Nel. Reporting Guidelines to Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics. Applied Spectroscopy. 2020; 74 (9):1066-1077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Win Cowger; Andy M. Booth; Bonnie M. Hamilton; Clara Thaysen; Sebastian Primpke; Keenan Munno; Amy L. Lusher; Alexandre Dehaut; Vitor P. Vaz; Max Liboiron; Lisa I. Devriese; Ludovic Hermabessiere; Chelsea Rochman; Samantha N. Athey; Jennifer M. Lynch; Hannah De Frond; Andrew Gray; Oliver A.H. Jones; Susanne Brander; Clare Steele; Shelly Moore; Alterra Sanchez; Holly Nel. 2020. "Reporting Guidelines to Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 9: 1066-1077.

Review article
Published: 23 April 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a focal point for the removal of microplastic (MP) particles before they are discharged into aquatic environments. WWTPs are capable of removing substantial quantities of larger MP particles but are inefficient in removing particles with any one dimension of less than 100 μm, with influents and effluents tending to have similar quantities of these smaller particles. As a single WWTP may release >100 billion MP particles annually, collectively WWTPs are significant contributors to the problem of MP pollution of global surface waters. Currently, there are no policies or regulations requiring the removal of MPs during wastewater treatment, but as concern about MP pollution grows, the potential for wastewater technologies to capture particles before they reach surface waters has begun to attract attention. There are promising technologies in various stages of development that may improve the removal of MP particles from wastewater. Better incentivization could speed up the research, development and adoption of innovative practices. This paper describes the current state of knowledge regarding MPs, wastewater and relevant policies that could influence the development and deployment of new technologies within WWTPs. We review existing technologies for capturing very small MP particles and examine new developments that may have the potential to overcome the shortcomings of existing methods. The types of collaborations needed to encourage and incentivize innovation within the wastewater sector are also discussed, specifically strong partnerships among scientific and engineering researchers, industry stakeholders, and policy decision makers.

ACS Style

Shirra Freeman; Andy M. Booth; Isam Sabbah; Rachel Tiller; Jan Dierking; Katja Klun; Ana Rotter; Eric Ben-David; Jamileh Javidpour; Dror L. Angel. Between source and sea: The role of wastewater treatment in reducing marine microplastics. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 266, 110642 .

AMA Style

Shirra Freeman, Andy M. Booth, Isam Sabbah, Rachel Tiller, Jan Dierking, Katja Klun, Ana Rotter, Eric Ben-David, Jamileh Javidpour, Dror L. Angel. Between source and sea: The role of wastewater treatment in reducing marine microplastics. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 266 ():110642.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shirra Freeman; Andy M. Booth; Isam Sabbah; Rachel Tiller; Jan Dierking; Katja Klun; Ana Rotter; Eric Ben-David; Jamileh Javidpour; Dror L. Angel. 2020. "Between source and sea: The role of wastewater treatment in reducing marine microplastics." Journal of Environmental Management 266, no. : 110642.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Many small- or medium-sized communities in Northern Europe employ only primary wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and effluent discharges can be a relevant source of pollution. The current study combines monitoring and modelling approaches to investigate concentrations, influent patterns, size distribution and removal of 20 elements for the two primary WWTPs (Ladehammeren, LARA; Høvringen, HØRA) serving Trondheim, the third largest city in Norway. Element concentrations were determined in raw influent wastewater, effluents and biosolids, and diurnal inflow patterns were assessed. The elemental distribution in particulate, colloidal and dissolved fractions of untreated wastewater was characterized using filtration separation and electron microscopy. An influent generator model and multivariate statistical analyses were used to determine release patterns and to predict the (co-)occurrence of selected elements. Raw influent wastewater concentrations for most elements were similar in the two WWTPs, with only Ca, Mn, Fe, Co and Ba being significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HØRA (which receives more household and hospital discharges). Removal efficiencies varied between elements, but in most cases reflected their association with particulates. Nanosized particles of several elements were detected, with Cu/Zn being most common. Measured concentrations of most elements followed typical diurnal wastewater discharge patterns and enrichment factors calculated for biosolids confirmed the importance of anthropogenic sources for P, Cu, Zn, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Co and Fe. Elemental concentrations generally correlated well with total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations at HØRA, while this was less pronounced in LARA (possibly due to higher industrial contributions). In one of its first applications for WWTP influent pattern examination, principal component analysis was found to be instrumental for source identification of target elements, showing significant differences between LARA and HØRA influents. The combined experimental, statistical and modelling approaches used herein allowed for improved understanding of element sources, patterns of discharge and fate in primary WWTPs.

ACS Style

Julia Farkas; Fabio Polesel; Marianne Kjos; Patricia Almeida Carvalho; Tomasz Ciesielski; Xavier Flores-Alsina; Steffen Foss Hansen; Andy Booth. Monitoring and modelling of influent patterns, phase distribution and removal of 20 elements in two primary wastewater treatment plants in Norway. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 725, 138420 .

AMA Style

Julia Farkas, Fabio Polesel, Marianne Kjos, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, Tomasz Ciesielski, Xavier Flores-Alsina, Steffen Foss Hansen, Andy Booth. Monitoring and modelling of influent patterns, phase distribution and removal of 20 elements in two primary wastewater treatment plants in Norway. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 725 ():138420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Farkas; Fabio Polesel; Marianne Kjos; Patricia Almeida Carvalho; Tomasz Ciesielski; Xavier Flores-Alsina; Steffen Foss Hansen; Andy Booth. 2020. "Monitoring and modelling of influent patterns, phase distribution and removal of 20 elements in two primary wastewater treatment plants in Norway." Science of The Total Environment 725, no. : 138420.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in Marine Pollution Bulletin
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Salt marshes in urban watersheds are prone to microplastics (MP) pollution due to their hydrological characteristics and exposure to urban runoff, but little is known about MP distributions in species from these habitats. In the current study, MP occurrence was determined in six benthic invertebrate species from salt marshes along the North Adriatic lagoons (Italy) and the Schelde estuary (Netherlands). The species represented different feeding modes and sediment localisation. 96% of the analysed specimens (330) did not contain any MP, which was consistent across different regions and sites. Suspension and facultative deposit-feeding bivalves exhibited a lower MP occurrence (0.5–3%) relative to omnivores (95%) but contained a much more variable distribution of MP sizes, shapes and polymers. The study provides indications that MP physicochemical properties and species' ecological traits could all influence MP exposure, uptake and retention in benthic organisms inhabiting European salt marsh ecosystems.

ACS Style

Stefania Piarulli; Brecht Vanhove; Paolo Comandini; Sara Scapinello; Tom Moens; Henk Vrielinck; Giorgia Sciutto; Silvia Prati; Rocco Mazzeo; Andy Booth; Carl Van Colen; Laura Airoldi. Do different habits affect microplastics contents in organisms? A trait-based analysis on salt marsh species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020, 153, 110983 .

AMA Style

Stefania Piarulli, Brecht Vanhove, Paolo Comandini, Sara Scapinello, Tom Moens, Henk Vrielinck, Giorgia Sciutto, Silvia Prati, Rocco Mazzeo, Andy Booth, Carl Van Colen, Laura Airoldi. Do different habits affect microplastics contents in organisms? A trait-based analysis on salt marsh species. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2020; 153 ():110983.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefania Piarulli; Brecht Vanhove; Paolo Comandini; Sara Scapinello; Tom Moens; Henk Vrielinck; Giorgia Sciutto; Silvia Prati; Rocco Mazzeo; Andy Booth; Carl Van Colen; Laura Airoldi. 2020. "Do different habits affect microplastics contents in organisms? A trait-based analysis on salt marsh species." Marine Pollution Bulletin 153, no. : 110983.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2019 in Environmental Pollution
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Organic chemical pollutants associated with microplastic (MP) may represent an alternative exposure route for these chemicals to marine biota. However, the bioavailability of MP-sorbed organic pollutants under conditions where co-exposure occurs from the same compounds dissolved in the water phase has rarely been studied experimentally, especially where pollutant concentrations in the two phases are well characterized. Importantly, higher concentrations of organic pollutants on ingested MP may be less bioavailable to aquatic organisms than the same chemicals present in dissolved form in the surrounding water. In the current study, the sorption kinetics of two model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; fluoranthene and phenanthrene) to MP particles in natural seawater at 10 and 20 °C were studied and the bioavailability of MP-sorbed PAHs to marine copepods investigated. Polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) microbeads with mean diameters ranging from 10 to 200 μm were used to identify the role of MP polymer type and size on sorption mechanisms. Additionally, temperature dependence of sorption was investigated. Results indicated that adsorption dominated at lower temperatures and for smaller MP (10 μm), while absorption was the prevailing process for larger MP (100 μm). Monolayer sorption dominated at lower PAH concentrations, while multilayer sorption dominated at higher concentrations. PE particles representing ingestible (10 μm) and non-ingestible (100 μm) MP for the marine copepod species Acartia tonsa and Calanus finmarchicus were used to investigate the availability and toxicity of MP-sorbed PAHs. Studies were conducted under co-exposure conditions where the PAHs were also present in the dissolved phase (Cfree), thereby representing more environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Cfree reduction through MP sorption was reflected in a corresponding reduction of lethality and bioaccumulation, with no difference observed between ingestible and non-ingestible MP. This indicates that only free dissolved PAHs are significantly bioavailable to copepods under co-exposure conditions with MP-sorbed PAHs.

ACS Style

Lisbet Sørensen; Emilie Rogers; Dag Altin; Iurgi Salaberria; Andy M. Booth. Sorption of PAHs to microplastic and their bioavailability and toxicity to marine copepods under co-exposure conditions. Environmental Pollution 2019, 258, 113844 .

AMA Style

Lisbet Sørensen, Emilie Rogers, Dag Altin, Iurgi Salaberria, Andy M. Booth. Sorption of PAHs to microplastic and their bioavailability and toxicity to marine copepods under co-exposure conditions. Environmental Pollution. 2019; 258 ():113844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisbet Sørensen; Emilie Rogers; Dag Altin; Iurgi Salaberria; Andy M. Booth. 2019. "Sorption of PAHs to microplastic and their bioavailability and toxicity to marine copepods under co-exposure conditions." Environmental Pollution 258, no. : 113844.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2019 in Water Research
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Synthetic polymer-based materials are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, where weathering processes lead to their progressive fragmentation and the leaching of additive chemicals. The current study assessed the chemical content of freshwater and marine leachates produced from car tire rubber (CTR), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics, and their adverse effects on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata (freshwater) and Skeletonema costatum (marine) and the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. A combination of non-target and target chemical analysis revealed a number of organic and metal compounds in the leachates, including representing plasticizers, antioxidants, antimicrobials, lubricants, and vulcanizers. CTR and PVC materials and their corresponding leachates had the highest content of tentatively identified organic additives, while PET had the lowest. The metal content varied both between polymer leachates and between freshwater and seawater. Notable additives identified in high concentrations were benzothiazole (CTR), phthalide (PVC), acetophenone (PP), cobalt (CTR, PET), zinc (CTR, PVC), lead (PP) and antimony (PET). All leachates, except PET, inhibited algal growth with EC50 values ranging from 0.5% (CTR) and 64% (PP) of the total leachate concentration. Leachates also affected mussel endpoints, including the lysosomal membrane stability and early stages endpoints as gamete fertilization, embryonic development and larvae motility and survival. Embryonic development was the most sensitive parameter in mussels, with EC50 values ranging from 0.8% (CTR) to 65% (PET) of the total leachate. The lowest impacts were induced on D-shell larvae survival, reflecting their ability to down-regulate motility and filtration in the presence of chemical stressors. This study provides evidence of the relationship between chemical composition and toxicity of plastic/rubber leachates. Consistent with increasing contamination by organic and inorganic additives, the leachates ranged from slightly to highly toxic to mussels and algae, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the overall impact of plastic-associated chemicals on aquatic ecosystems.

ACS Style

Marco Capolupo; Lisbet Sørensen; Kongalage Don Ranil Jayasena; Andy M. Booth; Elena Fabbri. Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms. Water Research 2019, 169, 115270 .

AMA Style

Marco Capolupo, Lisbet Sørensen, Kongalage Don Ranil Jayasena, Andy M. Booth, Elena Fabbri. Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms. Water Research. 2019; 169 ():115270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Capolupo; Lisbet Sørensen; Kongalage Don Ranil Jayasena; Andy M. Booth; Elena Fabbri. 2019. "Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms." Water Research 169, no. : 115270.

Article
Published: 11 October 2019 in Catalysis Letters
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In the current study, the isomerization of geraniol over a natural sepiolite as a catalyst was investigated and optimized. Prior to application in the isomerization process, the physical and chemical properties of sepiolite were characterized using a battery of instrumental techniques, including XRD, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, SEM, EDXRF, UV–Vis and FT-IR. Results indicated that geraniol isomerization is very complicated due to the large number of reactions taking place. The catalytic studies showed that the main reaction products were β-pinene, ocimenes, linalool, nerol, citrals, thunbergol and isocembrol; all chemical products with commercial applications. The quantity of each of these products depended on the temperature, catalyst content and reaction time employed in the isomerization process. During the current study, these parameters were varied in a step-wise approach over the ranges 80–150 °C (temperature), 5–15 wt% catalyst content and reaction time of 15–1440 min. As linalool is one of the most commercially important reaction products, the geraniol isomerization method was studied to identify conditions producing the highest selectivity for this compound. The most beneficial conditions for geraniol conversion and linalool formation were established as a temperature of 120 °C, catalyst content of 10 wt% and a reaction time of 3 h. Graphic Abstract

ACS Style

Anna Fajdek-Bieda; Agnieszka Wróblewska; Piotr Miądlicki; Alicja Szymańska; Małgorzata Dzięcioł; Andy M. Booth; Beata Michalkiewicz. Influence of Technological Parameters on the Isomerization of Geraniol Using Sepiolite. Catalysis Letters 2019, 150, 901 -911.

AMA Style

Anna Fajdek-Bieda, Agnieszka Wróblewska, Piotr Miądlicki, Alicja Szymańska, Małgorzata Dzięcioł, Andy M. Booth, Beata Michalkiewicz. Influence of Technological Parameters on the Isomerization of Geraniol Using Sepiolite. Catalysis Letters. 2019; 150 (3):901-911.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Fajdek-Bieda; Agnieszka Wróblewska; Piotr Miądlicki; Alicja Szymańska; Małgorzata Dzięcioł; Andy M. Booth; Beata Michalkiewicz. 2019. "Influence of Technological Parameters on the Isomerization of Geraniol Using Sepiolite." Catalysis Letters 150, no. 3: 901-911.