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Lignin is one of the wood and plant cell wall components that is available in large quantities in nature. Its polyphenolic chemical structure has been of interest for valorization and industrial application studies. Lignin can be obtained from wood by various delignification chemical processes, which give it a structure and specific properties that will depend on the plant species. Due to the versatility and chemical diversity of lignin, the chemical industry has focused on its use as a viable alternative of renewable raw material for the synthesis of new and sustainable biomaterials. However, its structure is complex and difficult to characterize, presenting some obstacles to be integrated into mixtures for the development of polymers, fibers, and other materials. The objective of this review is to present a background of the structure, biosynthesis, and the main mechanisms of lignin recovery from chemical processes (sulfite and kraft) and sulfur-free processes (organosolv) and describe the different forms of integration of this biopolymer in the synthesis of sustainable materials. Among these applications are phenolic adhesive resins, formaldehyde-free resins, epoxy resins, polyurethane foams, carbon fibers, hydrogels, and 3D printed composites.
Francisco Vásquez-Garay; Isabel Carrillo-Varela; Claudia Vidal; Pablo Reyes-Contreras; Mirko Faccini; Regis Teixeira Mendonça. A Review on the Lignin Biopolymer and Its Integration in the Elaboration of Sustainable Materials. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2697 .
AMA StyleFrancisco Vásquez-Garay, Isabel Carrillo-Varela, Claudia Vidal, Pablo Reyes-Contreras, Mirko Faccini, Regis Teixeira Mendonça. A Review on the Lignin Biopolymer and Its Integration in the Elaboration of Sustainable Materials. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2697.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Vásquez-Garay; Isabel Carrillo-Varela; Claudia Vidal; Pablo Reyes-Contreras; Mirko Faccini; Regis Teixeira Mendonça. 2021. "A Review on the Lignin Biopolymer and Its Integration in the Elaboration of Sustainable Materials." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2697.
Eucalyptus globulus is the second most important economic forest species in Chile. Its main use is in the kraft pulp industry, where large amounts of bark waste are generated. Due to its fibrous characteristics, E. globulus bark is proposed as an alternative source of fibres for papermaking. This study focuses on obtaining fibres for liner paper manufacture. A neutral sulphite semi-chemical (NSSC) process was performed, varying the sodium sulphite (5% to 16%) and the sodium carbonate (2% and 4%) concentrations using two reaction temperatures (160°C and 170°C). The NSSC process at 170°C, 16% of sulphite, and 2% of sodium carbonate proved to be the best condition to obtain higher mechanical performance of papers. As the pulping conditions become more drastic, the yield drops, and the physicomechanical properties of paper increases. Results showed that pulps from E. globulus bark could turn into source of fibres for papermaking and other related products.
Andrea Andrade; Orlando Espinoza Herrera; Pablo Reyes-Contreras; Miguel Pereira; Francisco Vásquez-Garay. Eucalyptus globulus bark valorization: Production of fibers by Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical Process for Liner Paper Manufacture. Floresta e Ambiente 2021, 28, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea Andrade, Orlando Espinoza Herrera, Pablo Reyes-Contreras, Miguel Pereira, Francisco Vásquez-Garay. Eucalyptus globulus bark valorization: Production of fibers by Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical Process for Liner Paper Manufacture. Floresta e Ambiente. 2021; 28 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Andrade; Orlando Espinoza Herrera; Pablo Reyes-Contreras; Miguel Pereira; Francisco Vásquez-Garay. 2021. "Eucalyptus globulus bark valorization: Production of fibers by Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical Process for Liner Paper Manufacture." Floresta e Ambiente 28, no. 2: 1.
An innovative chemoenzymatic catalytic system for functionalizing lignin from Organosolv and Kraft pulping processes to obtain oxirane rings was investigated. Novozym435 (immobilized C. antarctica lipase B: CalB) was used to catalyze the peroxidation of caprylic acid to peroxycaprylic acid, which in turn reacted with unsaturated CC bonds to form the oxirane ring. The conversion of OH groups to oxirane rings (epoxides) reached 90% and 55% after 12 h for the two processes, respectively. The residual enzyme activity over the time course of the reactions indicated transient denaturing due to association with the lignin substrate (10-50%) as well as irreversible denaturation due to exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Functionalized lignin has potential applications in the production of epoxy adhesive resins, and chemoenzymatic synthesis represents a "greener" pathway to this synthesis.
Francisco Vásquez; Regis Teixeira Mendonça; Steven W. Peretti. Chemoenzymatic lignin valorization: Production of epoxidized pre-polymers using Candida antarctica lipase B. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2018, 112, 6 -13.
AMA StyleFrancisco Vásquez, Regis Teixeira Mendonça, Steven W. Peretti. Chemoenzymatic lignin valorization: Production of epoxidized pre-polymers using Candida antarctica lipase B. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2018; 112 ():6-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Vásquez; Regis Teixeira Mendonça; Steven W. Peretti. 2018. "Chemoenzymatic lignin valorization: Production of epoxidized pre-polymers using Candida antarctica lipase B." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 112, no. : 6-13.