The demand for extensive gear shape measurements with single-digit µm uncertainty is growing. Tactile standard gear tests are precise but limited in speed. Recently, faster optical gear shape measurement systems have been examined. Optical gear shape measurements are challenging due to potential deviation sources such as the tilt angles between the surface normal and the sensor axis, the varying surface curvature, and the surface properties. Currently, the full potential of optical gear shape measurement systems is not known. Therefore, laser triangulation and confocal-chromatic gear shape measurements using a lateral scanning position measurement approach are studied. As a result of tooth flank standard measurements, random effects due to surface properties are identified to primarily dominate the achievable gear shape measurement uncertainty. The standard measurement uncertainty with the studied triangulation sensor amounts to >10 µm, which does not meet the requirements. The standard measurement uncertainty with the confocal-chromatic sensor is <6.5 µm. Furthermore, measurements on a spur gear show that multiple reflections do not influence the measurement uncertainty when measuring with the lateral scanning position measurement approach. Although commercial optical sensors are not designed for optical gear shape measurements, standard uncertainties of <10 µm are achievable for example with the applied confocal-chromatic sensor, which indicates the further potential for optical gear shape measurements.

To reduce wind turbine failures by defective drive trains, deviations in the geometry of large gears (diameter ≳ 1 m) must be extensively determined with single-digit micrometer uncertainties. Fixed measuring volumes limit standard measuring methods like coordinate and gear measuring instruments for large gear measurements. Therefore, a model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach for gear shape parameters is presented. The measurement approach has a scalable design and consists of a confocal-chromatic sensor, rotary table as a scanning unit and model-based signal processing. A preliminary study on a midsize spur gear demonstrates the general feasibility of the model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach. As a result, the mean base circle radius as the fundamental gear shape parameter is determined with an uncertainty of <5 μm. The calibration and adjustment of the sensor arrangement were performed with a known calibration gear. Scalability is not experimentally validated in this article. However, simulations verify the scalability of the measurement approach in a first step. For gears with 1 m in diameter and varying tooth flank geometries, the estimated achievable uncertainty of the mean base circle radius is still <5 μm. Therefore, the model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach is a promising alternative for gear inspection.

The required reliability of wind turbine gearboxes increases the requirements for large gear measurements. Extensive measurements to reliably assess the geometry of large gears in the single micrometer range are necessary. Due to an individually fixed measuring volume, standard methods like coordinate and gear measuring instruments reach their limits for large gears with diameters > 1 m. Therefore, a scalable optical measurement approach consisting of a single sensor in combination with a rotary table for multi-distance measurements with subsequent model-based evaluation of shape parameters of gears is presented. The scalable measurement approach is to be extended to a multisensory system in further work. As a fundamental shape parameter the mean base circle radius using the example of spur gears is determined. The base circle radius is used due to the geometric relationship to further shape parameters for example to the profile slope deviation. The theoretically achievable measurement uncertainty of the mean base circle radius due to sensor noise is estimated to less than 5 µm (k=2) for a small and a large gear, which verifies the scalability of the sensor system. In order to show a general proof of principle, two series of optical measurements on a gear with a diameter of 0.105 m are performed and referenced with a tactile measurement. As a result, random errors of 1.2 µm for k=2 are determined. The remaining systematic deviations to the reference value amount to 4.3 and 1.6 µm, respectively. Hence, the total measurement uncertainty is currently limited by systematic effects, and the defined aim of a total uncertainty of less than 5 µm (k=2) is narrowly missed by 1.5 µm. The random errors of 1.2 µm (k=2) show, however, that an adequate measurement precision is achieved and that the multi-distance measurement approach has the potential to reach the aimed measurement uncertainty with appropriate strategies to compensate for the systematic influences. The experimental and theoretical results prove the principle applicability of the proposed single sensor multi-distance approach for the precise inspection of gears.

The demand for scalable measuring systems for the fast measurement of tooth-individual shape parameters of large gears is increasing. Due to a limited measuring speed and a limited measuring volume, standard tactile gear measuring systems are only conditionally suitable for comprehensive measurements of large gears. Therefore, the applicability of a scalable optical multi-distance measurement approach consisting of an optical sensor and a rotary table with a model-based evaluation is studied. As a fundamental gear shape parameter, the base circle radius of a large gearing is evaluated and the achievable measurement uncertainty is estimated. As a result, the tooth-individual base circle radius is determined on average with an expanded measurement uncertainty ( k = 2) of one quarter of the required tolerance, and the realized measurement setup enables the measurement of all teeth within 1 minute. Hence, the scalable optical multi-distance measurement approach is appliacable for the fast measurement of tooth-individual shape parameters of large gearings.

Zusammenfassung Der Bedarf an skalierbaren Messsystemen für die umfassende Qualitätsprüfung zahnindividueller Formparameter metergroßer Zahnräder mit einstelliger Unsicherheit im Mikrometerbereich wächst. Taktile Standardverzahnungsmesssysteme sind präzise, aber aufgrund der limitierten Geschwindigkeit und des begrenzten Messvolumens für eine umfassende Qualitätsprüfung aller Zähne nur bedingt geeignet. Aus diesem Grund wird ein schnellerer optischer Multi-Distanz-Messansatz mit modellbasierter Auswertung zur Verzahnungsmessung untersucht. Über bisherige Arbeiten hinausgehend, in denen zunächst der mittlere Grundkreisradius als grundlegender Formparameter von allen Zähnen bestimmt wurde, wird hier die Eignung des Messansatzes zur Erfassung zahnindividueller Formparameter untersucht. Messungen an kleinen Verzahnungen zeigen, dass der zahnindividuelle Grundkreisradius im Mittel mit einer Unsicherheit < 10 μm (𝑘 = 2) bestimmt werden kann, was eine vielversprechende Grundlage für die zukünftige Anwendung des Multi-Distanz-Messansatzes bei Großverzahnungen bietet.