We investigated the influence of resistance exercise (RE) with different intensities on HbA1c, insulin and blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diabetes trials that compared RE group with a control were included in meta-analysis. Exercise intensities were categorized into low-to-moderate-intensity and high-intensity subgroups. Intensity effect on glycemic control was determined by meta-regression analysis, and risk-of-bias was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration tool. 24 trials met the inclusion criteria, comprised of 962 patients of exercise (n = 491) and control (n = 471). Meta-regression analysis showed decreased HbA1c (p = 0.006) and insulin (p = 0.015) after RE was correlated with intensity. Subgroup analysis revealed decreased HbA1c was greater with high intensity (−0.61; 95% CI −0.90, −0.33) than low-to-moderate intensity (−0.23; 95% CI −0.41, −0.05). Insulin levels were significantly decreased only with high intensity (−4.60; 95% CI −7.53, −1.67), not with low-to-moderate intensity (0.07; 95% CI −3.28, 3.42). Notably, values between the subgroups were statistically significant for both HbA1c (p = 0.03) and insulin (p = 0.04), indicative of profound benefits of high-intensity RE. Pooled outcomes of 15 trials showed only a decreased trend in blood glucose with RE (p = 0.09), and this tendency was not associated with intensity. Our meta-analysis provides additional evidence that high-intensity RE has greater beneficial effects than low-to-moderate-intensity in attenuation of HbA1c and insulin in T2D patients.

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of parenting and grandparenting caregiving styles on fundamental motor skills (FMS) of preschool children.Method: A total of 1,326 preschool children (698 boys, 628 girls) aged 4–6 years were recruited from the kindergartens of Jinhua City, China. Locomotor skills (LM), ball skills (BS), and total fundamental movement skills (TS) of children were assessed by the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd edition (TGMD-3).Results: There were 978 children in parenting and 348 children in grandparenting caregiving styles. The LM, BS and TS scores of children were considerably (p < 0.001) increased with age (irrespective of sex or caregiving style). For the sex comparisons, BS scores of boys were significantly higher than girls (p < 0.001), while LM and TS scores were not different between boys and girls. For the caregiving style comparison, parenting is superior to grandparenting in developing of children's FMS. Parenting boys of 4-, 5-, and 6-years old showed better BS compared to age-matched parenting girls, whereas boys of 5-years old in grandparenting only showed better BS compared to same-age grandparenting girls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, parenting boys of 6-years reported higher LM (p < 0.01), BS (p < 0.001), and TS (p < 0.001) scores compared to grandparenting boys, but girls' FMS at all ages were not significantly different between the caregiving styles.Conclusion: Parenting caregiving style is positively associated with proper development of FMS among children. Girl children with poor FMS in grandparenting may need a special care or intervention programs to promote their FMS.

This study aimed to systematically review the measurement properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) using the COSMIN methodology. A search of four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL) identified 23 relevant studies. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the COSMIN risk of bias checklist; the measurement properties of the TGMD-3 were evaluated by the COSMIN quality criteria; and the quality of the evidence was rated using a modified GRADE approach. The findings indicated that the test–retest, inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability, as well as measurement invariance and part content validity (relevance and comprehensibility), were sufficient, supported by high-quality evidence. The bifactor structure was found to be a more appropriate model for the TGMD-3, with structural validity and internal consistency rated as sufficient, though based on moderate-quality evidence. However, hypothesis testing for construct validity produced inconsistent results, also supported by moderate-quality evidence. Responsiveness was rated as inconsistent, based on low-quality evidence. Overall, the TGMD-3 is graded as “B”, meaning it has the potential to be recommended, but further research is needed to fully establish its measurement properties. Future studies should focus on verifying the comprehensiveness of items of the TGMD-3 to optimise its application.

Article: Prediction of V̇O2max based on a 3-kilometer running test for water sports athletes - The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2021 April;61(4):542-50 - Minerva Medica - Journals

The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Body mass index (BMI) is a common method of diagnosing obesity, but research on judging the appropriate body weight of Chinese children aged 3–6 years is still lacking. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a safe, accurate, reliable and inexpensive method for screening overweight and obesity. The objectives of this research were to reveal the consistency between BMI and BIA in assessing the obesity characteristics of children aged 3–6 years. In this study, preschool boys (n = 392) and girls (n = 309) aged 3–6 years were recruited from kindergartens in Zhejiang province of China, and a survey of BMI and BIA, which was measured by InBody J20, was completed. BMI and BIA were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The linear relationship between rates and a regression equation were established by using the Kappa coefficient to test the consistency between BMI and body fat percentage. The BMI of boys and girls decreased from 19.2 ± 4.9 and 18.1 ± 2.4 at the age of 3 to 14.1 ± 3.3 and 15.1 ± 3.3 at the age of 6 and showed a downward trend as age increased. The correlation between BMI and body fat percentage was 0.533 for boys and 0.539 for girls. The Kappa coefficient test results of BMI and body fat percentage showed that Kappa value = 0.339, p < 0.05, indicating that the diagnostic results of BMI and body fat percentage were consistent, but the consistency was general.