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Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak
Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, 02-554 Warszawa, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) represent more than 99% of enterprises in Europe. Therefore, knowledge about this sector, also in the spatial context is important to understand the patterns of economic and social development. The main goal of this article is an analysis of spatial conditions and the situation of MSMEs on a local level using combined sources of information. This includes data collected in the Social Insurance Institution and Tax registers in Poland, which provides information on the employment, wages, revenues and taxes paid by the MSMEs on a local level as well as contextual statistical information. The data is used for a diagnosis of spatial circumstances and discussion of conditions influencing the status of the MSMEs sector in a selected region (voivodeship) in Poland. Taxonomy methods including factor analysis and clustering methods based on k-means and SOM Kohonen were used for selecting significant information and grouping of the local units according to the situation of the MSMEs. There are eight factors revealed in principal component analysis and five clusters of local units distinguished using these factors. These include two clusters with a high share of rural local units and two clusters with a high share of rural-urban and urban local units. Additionally, there was an outstanding cluster with only two dominant urban local units. Factors show differences between clusters in the situation of MSMEs sector and infrastructure. Different spatial conditions in different regions influence the situation of MSMEs.

ACS Style

Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska; Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. Spatial Conditions Supporting Sustainable Development of Enterprises on Local Level. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2292 .

AMA Style

Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. Spatial Conditions Supporting Sustainable Development of Enterprises on Local Level. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska; Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. 2021. "Spatial Conditions Supporting Sustainable Development of Enterprises on Local Level." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2292.

Chapter
Published: 31 October 2020 in IMISCOE Research Series
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Poland was traditionally an “emigration country”, but the available data indicates that the migration patterns in Poland changed significantly after the EU accession. While in the course of the 1990s, after economic transition, the international mobility of Poles declined, it accelerated after the EU accession in May 2004. The large scale of emigration also led to labour market shortages in Poland. In recent years, Poland observed a high inflow of migrant workers, particularly from Ukraine. The increasing share of foreigners residing in Poland creates a challenge for the social protection system, which has quite complex eligibility rules. Furthermore, many non-EU nationals are working in the informal economy with no access to social protection.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Poland. IMISCOE Research Series 2020, 327 -344.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Poland. IMISCOE Research Series. 2020; ():327-344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. 2020. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Poland." IMISCOE Research Series , no. : 327-344.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in The Journal of the Economics of Ageing
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak; Pawel A. Strzelecki; Wojciech Łątkowski. Pension reforms or consequences of the economic crisis? Measuring the changes of pension incomes in selected EU countries using APC approach. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing 2020, 17, 100131 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak, Pawel A. Strzelecki, Wojciech Łątkowski. Pension reforms or consequences of the economic crisis? Measuring the changes of pension incomes in selected EU countries using APC approach. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing. 2020; 17 ():100131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak; Pawel A. Strzelecki; Wojciech Łątkowski. 2020. "Pension reforms or consequences of the economic crisis? Measuring the changes of pension incomes in selected EU countries using APC approach." The Journal of the Economics of Ageing 17, no. : 100131.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are an essential part of economies at the national, regional, and local levels. Understanding the determinants of the development of this sector is interesting not only for researchers but also for local governments to support the development of this sector. This paper analyses micro, small, and medium enterprises at the gmina (local) level in one region, the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship (NUTS2) in Poland. The authors use multivariate linear regression, spatial econometrics, and classification trees to model the influence of different factors on the number of enterprises relative to population size. The authors found that the most crucial factor in all cases, independently of the method used, is the local government’s revenue from personal income tax per capita. This finding, together with the lack of significance of variables related to the distance to technological parks or economic zones, indicates that the enterprises in the region produce mainly for local consumption and lack innovativeness. The authors also examined the influence of spatial context on the number of enterprises. The most important factor seems to be the percentage of built-up areas, but there are also others, depending on the model type; again, this confirms the local character of the activity of micro, small, and medium enterprises in the region. Variables representing the spatial context can explain the relative number of enterprises with coefficient of determination (R2) between 0.30 and 0.45, which shows that this context played a relatively significant role in the development of the MSME sector in the region. On the other hand, the econometric models (that include the neighborhood) are only significant (improving R2) for medium enterprises, which means that medium enterprises expand their activity beyond the local range.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak; Anna Fiedukowicz; Robert Olszewski. Geographical and Economic Factors Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: An Empirical Study of The Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region in Poland. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2020, 9, 426 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, Anna Fiedukowicz, Robert Olszewski. Geographical and Economic Factors Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: An Empirical Study of The Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region in Poland. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9 (7):426.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak; Anna Fiedukowicz; Robert Olszewski. 2020. "Geographical and Economic Factors Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: An Empirical Study of The Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region in Poland." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7: 426.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Vienna Yearbook of Population Research
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The article extends the discussion of the welfare state in the literature by presenting a quantitative assessment of the age distribution of public resources. It investigates the differences in the distribution of public transfers between age groups in different European welfare state regimes using the National Transfer Accounts approach. There are two groups of countries that stand out in terms of the age patterns of their public transfers: three Scandinavian countries and Luxembourg have relatively high transfer levels, particularly for the older age group; while some of the Central and Eastern European countries have relatively low transfer levels. In the other European countries, the age profiles of public transfers are close to the EU average. Total public expenditures and revenues in the two distinct groups are changing in response to population ageing: i.e. they are expanding in the Scandinavian countries, and they are contracting in the CEE countries. These developments may lead to the further divergence of these welfare regimes.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak; Anita Abramowska-Kmon; Irena E. Kotowska; Wojciech Łątkowski; Pawel A. Strzelecki. Welfare state and the age distribution of public consumption and public transfers in the EU countries. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2019, 1, 071 -097.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak, Anita Abramowska-Kmon, Irena E. Kotowska, Wojciech Łątkowski, Pawel A. Strzelecki. Welfare state and the age distribution of public consumption and public transfers in the EU countries. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research. 2019; 1 ():071-097.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak; Anita Abramowska-Kmon; Irena E. Kotowska; Wojciech Łątkowski; Pawel A. Strzelecki. 2019. "Welfare state and the age distribution of public consumption and public transfers in the EU countries." Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 1, no. : 071-097.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2017 in The Journal of Retirement
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ACS Style

John A. Turner; Gerard Hughes; Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak; David M. Rajnes. Improving Pension Income and Reducing Poverty atAdvanced Older Ages: Longevity Insurance Benefitsin Ireland and Poland as Models for the United States. The Journal of Retirement 2017, 4, 111 -120.

AMA Style

John A. Turner, Gerard Hughes, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, David M. Rajnes. Improving Pension Income and Reducing Poverty atAdvanced Older Ages: Longevity Insurance Benefitsin Ireland and Poland as Models for the United States. The Journal of Retirement. 2017; 4 (3):111-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John A. Turner; Gerard Hughes; Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak; David M. Rajnes. 2017. "Improving Pension Income and Reducing Poverty atAdvanced Older Ages: Longevity Insurance Benefitsin Ireland and Poland as Models for the United States." The Journal of Retirement 4, no. 3: 111-120.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2016 in Journal of Pension Economics and Finance
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The paper shows the impact of changes in multi-pillar pension systems in six Central and Eastern European countries for individual pension wealth. It demonstrates that the post-crisis changes in pension system reduced pension wealth of workers in Poland and increased in Lithuania and Slovakia. The change did not have significant impact on pension wealth in Estonia and Romania. The magnitude of this effect is highest in those countries where the reduction of the fully-funded pension contribution was permanent. Loss or gain in pension wealth varies with age of participants – it is higher for younger people, who will accumulate their pension wealth to a larger extent after the change. The level of the change in pension wealth depends also on the wage level – higher earners lose more relative to the average wage level. The difference in pension wealth depends also on the difference between rates of return in fully funded and pay-as-you-go (PAYG) components of the pension system. The net outcome of post-crisis pension system modifications depends both on the magnitude of fully-funded contribution reduction, but also on the design of PAYG component and the way individual pension rights are accrued. These results indicate the rise in implicit liability of pension system in Slovakia to be higher than the reduction of the explicit liability caused by the pension system change and the lower rise of implicit liability in Poland and Latvia.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. Impact of changes in multi-pillar pension systems in CEE countries on individual pension wealth. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 2016, 17, 110 -120.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. Impact of changes in multi-pillar pension systems in CEE countries on individual pension wealth. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. 2016; 17 (1):110-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak. 2016. "Impact of changes in multi-pillar pension systems in CEE countries on individual pension wealth." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 17, no. 1: 110-120.

Review
Published: 01 January 2015 in Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja
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This article presents a comparative review of systems of collection of pension contributions in three Central European countries. We discuss some basic requirements for successful contribution collection and show how these three countries fare in that regard. The changing role of the social security institutions is described. The broad trend toward integrated collection systems, with an enhanced role of the tax authority is clearly discerned, although with some country-specific features. Contribution compliance is analysed for the largest group of insured persons – employees, using the indicator: covered wage bill (as percentage of GDP). The value of this indicator has mostly been decreasing in the 2000s. This is not a satisfactory development and could contribute to the deteriorating financial sustainability of public pension systems.

ACS Style

Tine Stanovnik; Predrag Bejakovic; Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak. The collection of pension contributions: a comparative review of three Central European countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2015, 28, 1149 -1161.

AMA Style

Tine Stanovnik, Predrag Bejakovic, Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak. The collection of pension contributions: a comparative review of three Central European countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2015; 28 (1):1149-1161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tine Stanovnik; Predrag Bejakovic; Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak. 2015. "The collection of pension contributions: a comparative review of three Central European countries." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 28, no. 1: 1149-1161.

Issues and policy
Published: 16 April 2013 in Journal of Pension Economics and Finance
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Pension systems' reforms are often related to a shift towards (fully or partially) defined contribution (DC) systems, in which the pension distribution reflects to a larger extent the wage distribution. In addition, relatively shorter working lives of those who have lower earnings increase the risk of receiving lower benefits. The aim of the paper is to present the changing role of a minimum pension as a tool of redistribution in the country that replaced a defined benefit (DB) pension system with a DC pension system. The old system in Poland had a significant income redistribution in the pension formula and the minimum pension was only a tool supporting this redistribution. After the introduction of the new mandatory pension system the main mechanism of redistribution (and a tool of social policy preventing poverty) is the minimum pension, financed from general taxes. According to the current rule of indexation, the minimum pension is expected to fall relative to the average wage in the economy. According to our simulations, the lack of changes of the current indexation method means that the minimum pension will fall below the International Labour Organisation (ILO) standard of the poverty protection of elderly by mid 2020s and in practice the last instrument of the poverty protection of elderly is going to disappear. However, the sole decision to change the indexation mechanism to the one based on full wage can create a significant pressure on public finance and distort incentives for prolonging work as 45% of women would be probably covered by the minimum pension guarantee (MPG). Results of simulations show that a raise and equalization of the retirement age for men and women combined with keeping a constant ratio of the minimum pension to the average (and also minimum) wage in the economy can be considered as a balanced solution that assures no further reduction of poverty protection and effective maintaining of this redistribution instrument.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak; Paweł Strzelecki. The minimum pension as an instrument of poverty protection in the defined contribution pension system – an example of Poland*. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 2013, 12, 326 -350.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, Paweł Strzelecki. The minimum pension as an instrument of poverty protection in the defined contribution pension system – an example of Poland*. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. 2013; 12 (3):326-350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak; Paweł Strzelecki. 2013. "The minimum pension as an instrument of poverty protection in the defined contribution pension system – an example of Poland*." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 12, no. 3: 326-350.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2004 in Rethinking the Welfare State
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak. Public and Private Mix in the Polish Pension System. Rethinking the Welfare State 2004, 1 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak. Public and Private Mix in the Polish Pension System. Rethinking the Welfare State. 2004; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak. 2004. "Public and Private Mix in the Polish Pension System." Rethinking the Welfare State , no. : 1.