Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is an incretin hormone exhibiting several pharmacological actions such as neuroprotection, increased cognitive function, cardio-protection, decreased hypertension, suppression of acid secretion, increase in lyposis, and protection from inflammation. The most potent actions are glucose-dependent insulinotropic and glucagonostatic actions, stimulation of β-cell proliferation, enhanced insulin secretion and reduced weight gain in patients with type-2 diabetes pertaining to blood glucose control. Despite all these actions, its short half-life (around 2∼min) and degradation by a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme (DPP-4) limits the therapeutic utility of GLP1. In this review, we have discussed DPP IV-resistant analogs of GLP-1 currently present in clinical trials such as Exenatide, Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Efpeglenatide, Exenatide ER, Ittca 650 (Intarcia), Dulaglutide, Albiglutide, and Lixisenatide. Moreover, we have also discussed in detail the pharmacology, signaling mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic properties (Cmax, Tmax, T_1/2, Vd, and Bioavailability) of DPP IV-resistant analogs of (GLP-1). Interestingly, GLP-1 agonist drugs have shown better potential to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as compared to currently used drugs in clinics without causing the side effects of hypoglycemia and weight gain.

Reductive amination is one of the most useful and versatile methods for the preparation of amines in chemistry and biology. The present review focuses on the development of catalytic reductive amination from beginning to recent ones, where we have attempted to thoroughly illustrate an account of utility of various reagents including organocatalyst, symmetric and asymmetric (Ru, Rh, Ir) complexes, boron, tin or silicon reagents etc for enantio- and/or chemoselective reactions under different reaction conditions with emphasis on the yields of the reaction products and stability of the reagents used. Emerging applications of this reaction for the development of chiral ligands, pharmacologically active molecules, combinatorial scaffold, and key step in the total synthesis of some interesting natural products is also reviewed briefly.