The aim of this trial was to determine whether a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite is not inferior to a fluoride toothpaste in prevention of caries in children. This double-blinded randomized control trial compared two toothpastes regarding the occurrence of caries lesions using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) ≥ code 1 on the primary dentition within 336 days. The test group used a fluoride-free hydroxyapatite toothpaste three times daily while control group used a toothpaste with fluoride. 207 children were included in the intention-to-treat analysis; 177 of them finished the study per protocol. An increase in caries ICDAS ≥ code 1 per tooth was observed in 72.7% of the hydroxyapatite-group (n = 88), compared with 74.2% of the fluoride-group (n = 89). The exact one-sided upper 95% confidence limit for the difference in proportion of participants with ICDAS increase ≥ 1 (-1.4%) was 9.8%, which is below the non-inferiority margin of 20% demonstrating non-inferiority of hydroxyapatite compared to the fluoride control toothpaste. This RCT showed for the first time, that in children, the impact of the daily use of a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite on enamel caries progression in the primary dentition is not inferior to a fluoride control toothpaste (Clinical Trials NCT03553966).

Objectives. One novel hypothesis of pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the possible role of mental stress in hyperactivity of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Two components of stress response - salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and free cortisol have been proposed. They can be determined in saliva, which closely reflects their concentrations in plasma. The purpose of this study was to measure salivary free cortisol, sAA and their correlation to secretory IgA (sIgA) of patients with AN in comparison to average population. Methods. Controlled clinical trial was designed for matched group of 47 AN patients and 54 healthy individuals. After clinical examination unstimulated salivary samples were taken during the acute stage of AN (BMI < 15kg/m²) in the first week of hospitalization. An enzyme-immunoassays (ELISA) suitable for measuring sAA, sIgA and free cortisol were used. Results. Anorexic patients exhibited disturbances in sAA secretion, and significantly increased cortisol and sIgA levels with distinct correlation between these two parameters. Conclusions. The behavior of cortisol, sAA and sIgA levels can be assessed as effect of stress reaction among AN patients with hyperactivity of HPA axis and ANS dysregulation. The effect of stress response can be assessed reliably in saliva.

Background: Dental caries is a worldwide challenge for public health. The aim of this 18-month double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial was to compare the caries-preventing effect of a fluoride-free, hydroxyapatite toothpaste (test) and a toothpaste with sodium fluoride (1450 ppm fluoride; positive control) in adults.Methods: The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects showing no increase in overall Decayed Missing Filled Surfaces (DMFS) index. The study was designed as non-inferiority trial. Non-inferiority was claimed if the upper limit of the exact one-sided 95% confidence interval for the difference of the primary endpoint DMFS between test and control toothpaste was less than the predefined margin of non-inferiority (Δ ≤ 20%).Results: In total, 189 adults were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis; 171 subjects finished the study per protocol (PP). According to the PP analysis, no increase in DMFS index was observed in 89.3% of subjects of the hydroxyapatite group and 87.4% of the subjects of the fluoride group. The hydroxyapatite toothpaste was not statistically inferior to a fluoride toothpaste with regard to the primary endpoint.Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite was proven to be a safe and efficient anticaries agent in oral care.Clinical trial registration: NCT04756557.

It is hypothesized that novel neuropeptides such as phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), and kisspeptin (KISS) are involved in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. The study presented here analyzed neur...

A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to update our 3-year-old meta-analysis to include RCTs, in vivo, and in situ clinical evidence that showed hydroxyapatite in oral care products can reduce dental caries. Using the PICO guide, published clinical trials were searched where subjects (P) of all ages, with primary, mixed or permanent dentitions, using toothpastes, mouthwashes or gels containing hydroxyapatite as an active ingredient (I) were compared to subjects who used placebo or no intervention, or fluoride-containing positive controls (C), and the outcomes (O) were direct measurement of reduced dental caries or suitable proxy for reduced caries risk. PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched using search terms from previous searches. All authors collectively agreed which studies to include after applying the exclusion/inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies were retrieved and analyzed. The studies were graded according to a National Institutes of Health grading system. Three authors decided on the final list of publications suitable for meta-analysis, and the meta-analysis was carried out using the public domain R statistical program. After applying more specific inclusion criteria and assessment, out of 18 retrieved studies, 5 clinical trials and 8 in situ trials were included in the meta-analyses. The evidence for the effectiveness of fluoride-free, hydroxyapatite-containing oral care products in reducing dental caries, both from RCTs and in situ clinical trials, has expanded. More studies now show that hydroxyapatite is effective as an anti-caries active ingredient in the absence of fluoride. As a sole active ingredient, considered safe if swallowed, hydroxyapatite is an ideal substitute for fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash tailored for young children, and new data as presented in this review, demonstrated that hydroxyapatite-based oral care products can be used by people of all ages.