Cancer, being the most formidable ailment, has had a profound impact on the human health. The disease is primarily associated with genetic mutations that impact oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Recently, growing evidence have shown that X‐linked TSGs have specific role in cancer progression and metastasis as well. Interestingly, our genome harbors around substantial portion of genes that function as tumor suppressors, and the X chromosome alone harbors a considerable number of TSGs. The scenario becomes even more compelling as X‐linked TSGs are adaptive to key epigenetic processes such as X chromosome inactivation. Therefore, delineating the new paradigm related to X‐linked TSGs, for instance, their crosstalk with autosome and involvement in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis becomes utmost importance. Considering this, herein, we present a comprehensive discussion of X‐linked TSG dysregulation in various cancers as a consequence of genetic variations and epigenetic alterations. In addition, the dynamic role of X‐linked TSGs in sex chromosome–autosome crosstalk in cancer genome remodeling is being explored thoroughly. Besides, the functional roles of ncRNAs, role of X‐linked TSG in immunomodulation and in gender‐based cancer disparities has also been highlighted. Overall, the focal idea of the present article is to recapitulate the findings on X‐linked TSG regulation in the cancer landscape and to redefine their role toward improving cancer treatment strategies.

Recently, human PAIRED-LIKE homeobox transcription factor (TF) genes were discovered whose expression is limited to the period of embryo genome activation up to the 8-cell stage. One of these TFs is LEUTX, but its importance for human embryogenesis is still subject to debate. We confirmed that human LEUTX acts as a TAATCC-targeting transcriptional activator, like other K50-type PAIRED-LIKE TFs. Phylogenetic comparisons revealed that Leutx proteins are conserved across Placentalia and comprise two conserved domains, the homeodomain, and a Leutx-specific domain containing putative transcriptional activation motifs (9aaTAD). Examination of human genotype resources revealed 116 allelic variants in LEUTX. Twenty-four variants potentially affect function, but they occur only heterozygously at low frequency. One variant affects a DNA-specificity determining residue, mutationally reachable by a one-base transition. In vitro and in silico experiments showed that this LEUTX mutation (alanine to valine at position 54 in the homeodomain) results in a transactivational loss-of-function to a minimal TAATCC-containing promoter and a 36 bp motif enriched in genes involved in embryo genome activation. A compensatory change in residue 47 restores function. The results support the notion that human LEUTX functions as a transcriptional activator important for human embryogenesis.

We report the extent, specific sites and structural requirements of joint inflammation related citrullination in extracellular proteins. A total of 40 synovial fluid samples derived from chronically inflamed human joints were analysed by heparin-agarose fractionation and LC-MS/MS. Citrullination of 55 arginines in extracellular proteins was detected. Importantly, 20% of the sites have a characterized function related to the hallmarks of destructive joint inflammation. E.g. four arginine residues, shown here to be citrullinated, are also affected by mutations in inherited diseases causing haemolysis or blood clotting dysfunction. Citrullination of integrin ligands was selected for further studies since fibronectin R234 in isoDGR was among the most frequently citrullinated arginines in synovial fluid. Assays with synovial fibroblasts and integrin αVβ3 indicated decreased affinity to the enzymatically citrullinated integrin binding sites. To conclude, our data indicate that in inflamed joints extensive citrullination affects the functional arginine residues in extracellular proteins.

The emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak at the end of 2019, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has, to date, led to over 13.6 million infections and nearly 600,000 deaths. Consequently, there is an urgent need to better understand the molecular factors triggering immune defense against the virus and to develop countermeasures to hinder its spread. Using in silico analyses, we showed that human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cell-surface molecules vary in their capacity for binding different SARS-CoV-2-derived epitopes, i.e., short sequences of 8-11 amino acids, and pinpointed five specific SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that are likely to be presented to cytotoxic T-cells and hence activate immune responses. The identified epitopes, each one of nine amino acids, have high sequence similarity to the equivalent epitopes of SARS-CoV virus, which are known to elicit an effective T cell response in vitro. Moreover, we give a structural explanation for the binding of SARS-CoV-2-epitopes to MHC molecules. Our data can help us to better understand the differences in outcomes of COVID-19 patients and may aid the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and possible future outbreaks of novel coronaviruses.

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that play a crucial role in cell adhesion and signaling by connecting the extracellular environment to the intracellular cytoskeleton. After binding with specific ligands in the extracellular matrix (ECM), integrins undergo conformational changes that transmit signals across the cell membrane. The integrin-mediated bidirectional signaling triggers various cellular responses, such as changes in cell shape, migration and proliferation. Irregular integrin expression and activity are closely linked to tumor initiation, angiogenesis, cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Thus, understanding the intricate regulatory mechanism is essential for slowing cancer progression and preventing carcinogenesis. Among the four classes of integrins, the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-binding integrins stand out as the most crucial integrin receptor subfamily in cancer and its metastasis. Dysregulation of almost all RGD-binding integrins promotes ECM degradation in ovarian cancer, resulting in ovarian carcinoma progression and resistance to therapy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that targeting these integrins with therapeutic antibodies and ligands, such as RGD-containing peptides and their derivatives, can enhance the precision of these therapeutic agents in treating ovarian cancer. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents is essential for treating ovarian cancer. This review mainly discusses genes and their importance across different ovarian cancer subtypes, the involvement of RGD motif-containing ECM proteins in integrin-mediated signaling in ovarian carcinoma, ongoing, completed, partially completed, and unsuccessful clinical trials of therapeutic agents, as well as existing limitations and challenges, advancements made so far, potential strategies, and directions for future research in the field. Insight Box Integrin-mediated signaling regulates cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Dysregulated integrin expression and activity promote tumor growth and dissemination. Thus, a proper understanding of this complex regulatory mechanism is essential to delay cancer progression and prevent carcinogenesis. Notably, integrins binding to RGD motifs play an important role in tumor initiation, evolution, and metastasis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that therapeutic agents, such as antibodies and small molecules with RGD motifs, target RGD-binding integrins and disrupt their interactions with the ECM, thereby inhibiting ovarian cancer proliferation and migration. Altogether, this review highlights the potential of RGD-binding integrins in providing new insights into the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer and how these integrins have been utilized to develop effective treatment plans.