Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as energy storage units in electric vehicles, mobile phones, and other electric devices due to their high voltage, large capacity, and long cycle life. Lithium-ion batteries are prone to thermal runway (TR), resulting in fires and explosions, which can seriously hinder the commercial development of LIBs. A series of safety methods has been studied to prevent TR of LIBs. The safety methods for suppressing TR in LIBs were reviewed, including safety equipment method, material modification method, thermal management method, and cooling method. The mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, and future applications of the TR suppression method are discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed safety method was evaluated through technical analysis and experimental testing, and the inhibitory effects of different safety methods on battery TR were summarized. The future trend of suppressing TR is discussed by summarizing and generalizing existing technologies for suppressing thermal runaway. This study provides a reference for exploring more effective methods to mitigate TR in the future.

The effects of water soaking on the microstructure and spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal samples were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and temperature programmed testing system (TPTS). The SEM results showed that the pore structures on the surface of water−soaked coal were more developed than raw coal, the pores increased and enlarged, and the phenomenon of water absorption swelling occurred. At the same time, water soaking had a certain influence on the functional groups in coal. The results of FTIR clearly illustrated that the surface functional groups of water−soaked coal were more active, and the contents of functional groups such as hydroxyl, methylene, aliphatic ether and aromatic ether all increased to varying degrees. During the low−temperature oxidation process, the analysis results of TPTS indicated that the oxygen consumption rate and the production of CO, C₂H₄, and other gases of water−soaked coal were higher. Based on the analysis method of CO, CO/CO₂ and C₂H₄ gas growth rate, the three peaks of the curve obtained correspond to the characteristic temperatures of each oxidation stage of the coal samples. The critical temperature, dry cracking temperature and fission temperature of water−soaked coal were 60 ± 10 ℃, 90 ± 10 ℃ and 120 ± 10 ℃, respectively, which was 10 ℃ lower than raw coal. The apparent activation energy (E_a) of coal was calculated by the CO model and fitted in sections. It can be seen that the E_a of water−soaked coal at different stages of low−temperature oxidation was lower, and the maximum difference was 2.1 kJ/mol. Therefore, from the above results, it inferred that the activity of bituminous coal became stronger after soaking in water, which may be due to the effect of soaking on the surface structure and active groups of coal, thus showing a higher risk of spontaneous combustion.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered extensive application across various domains. However, frequent safety incidents associated with these LIBs have emerged as a significant impediment to their further advancement. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to develop a novel fire extinguishing agent that possesses both rapid fire suppression and efficient cooling capabilities, thereby effectively mitigating the occurrence and propagation of fires in LIBs. This study pioneers the development of an adaptive thermosensitive microcapsule (TM) fire extinguishing agent synthesized via in situ polymerization. The TM encapsulates a ternary composite core—perfluorohexanone (C₆F₁₂O), heptafluorocyclopentane (C₅H₃F₇), and 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP)—within a melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin shell. The TM was prepared via in situ polymerization, combined with FE-SEM, FTIR, TG–DSC, and laser particle size analysis to verify that the TM had a uniform particle size and complete coating structure. The results demonstrate that the TM can effectively suppress the thermal runaway (TR) of LIBs through the synergistic effects of physical cooling, chemical suppression, and gas isolation. Specifically, the peak TR temperature of a single-cell LIB is reduced by 14.0 °C, and the heating rate is decreased by 0.17 °C/s. Additionally, TM successfully blocked the propagation of TR thereby preventing its spread in the dual-LIB module test. Limitations of single-component agents are overcome by this innovative system by leveraging the ternary core’s complementary functionalities, enabling autonomous TR suppression without external systems. Furthermore, the TM design integrates precise thermal responsiveness, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, offering a transformative safety solution for next-generation LIBs.

The safe and efficient capture of CO₂ in confined environments such as coal mine goafs remains a significant challenge, posing both environmental and safety risks. To address this issue, this study developed a novel biomass-based aerogel adsorbent using CNF-C and CS through sol–gel synthesis and freeze-drying. A series of composite aerogels with varying mass ratios were systematically characterized by SEM, BET, FTIR, and TG-DSC to analyze their microstructure, specific surface area, pore characteristics, chemical properties, and thermal stability. A constant temperature and humidity experimental setup was specially designed to explore the effects of various temperatures, humidity, and material ratios on CO₂ adsorption performance. FTIR analysis confirmed that -NH₂ served as the primary adsorption site, with its density increasing with higher chitosan content. The 1:3 ratio exhibited the optimal specific surface area (7.05 m²/g) and thermal stability, withstanding temperatures up to 350.0 °C, while the 1:1 ratio demonstrated the highest porosity (80.74%). Adsorption experiments indicated that 35.0 °C and 50% humidity were the optimal conditions, under which the 1:2 ratio biomass aerogel achieved an 18% increase in CO₂ adsorption capacity compared to room temperature. The sample with a 1:1 high cellulose ratio is primarily dominated by physical adsorption, making its performance susceptible to environmental fluctuations. The sample with a 1:3 high chitosan ratio is predominantly governed by chemical adsorption, exhibiting more stable adsorption characteristics. The 1:2 ratio achieved the best balance under 35.0 °C and 50% humidity. The biomass aerogel synergistically combined physical barriers from its three-dimensional network structure and chemical adsorption via active functional groups, enabling efficient CO₂ capture and stable sequestration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of biomass-derived aerogels for CO₂ adsorption under complex conditions and provides new insights into the design of sustainable materials for environmental remediation and carbon reduction applications.