Psoriasis is a chronic immune-related disorder in which both genetic and environmental parameters are involved. Recent studies have demonstrated dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the peripheral blood or skin lesions of patients with psoriasis. While a number of lncRNAs such as MEG3, AL162231.4 and NONHSAT044111 have been down-regulated in the course of psoriasis, others including PRINS, MIR31HG, RP6‐65G23.1, MSX2P1, SLC6A14-1:1, NR_003062 have been up-regulated. Moreover, expressions of several miRNAs have been dysregulated in this disorder. Among dysregulated miRNAs are miR-126, miR-143, miR-19a and miR-155 whose diagnostic roles in the psoriasis have also been assessed. Dysregulated non-coding RNAs in this disorder participate in the regulation of chemokine signaling pathway and immune response, control of epidermal development and skin barrier as well as modulation of function of certain subsets of T cells. Besides, these transcripts possibly regulate activity of NF-κΒ, mTOR, MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Besides, expression levels of circRNAs have been decreased in the psoriasis lesions. Massive alterations in the levels of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the psoriasis lesions or peripheral blood of affected individuals show participation of these transcripts in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Objective: Using diagnostic pathological methods during surgery is a valuable means of determining the appropriate management for patients. Application of Frozen Section in CNS surgeries might face challenges due to friability of brain tissue and its relative inaccessibility. Various studies have evaluated the diagnostic acuity of frozen section compared to gold standard but results have been quite inconsistent. We conducted the present study to evaluate the accuracy of cryostat in diagnosing central nervous system tumors compared to the Gold Standard method. Methods: In this descriptive retrospective study, patients with definite diagnosis of central nervous system tumors made through histopathological evaluations were identified by reviewing the archives of pathology reports during 1996-2013. Demographic data, clinical history, radiologic findings and results of pathologic evaluations were extracted from the medical records and entered into SPSS statistical software v.22 for analysis. Results: A total of 405 patients diagnosed with CNS tumors were identified, of which 16 patients were not eligible and eventually 389 patients were included in the study. Regarding tumor category, subtype and grade, the results of the two methods were totally compatible in 303 patients (77.9%) and discrepant in 22.1% of cases. The tumors located in the middle fossa (p=0.031; OR=2.27; 95% CI: 1.08-4.79) and the posterior fossa (p=0.021; OR=2.46; 95% CI: 1.15-5.26) and the tumors biopsied using the stereotactic method (p=0.050; OR=2.42; 95% CI: 1.001-5.83) were associated with an increased chance of discrepant results between the two methods. Conclusion: Frozen section can correctly diagnose and affect the management of CNS lesions in 77.9% of cases. Finding ways to increase the sensitivity and specificity of this method and providing surgeons with more definite and exact intra-operative diagnosis can improve management of central nervous system lesions to a considerable degree.

Clinical and histological features may overlap between lichen planopilaris-associated and discoid lupus erythematosus-associated scarring alopecia. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the cutaneous infiltration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and to compare their distribution pattern in discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planopilaris. Twenty-four cases of discoid lupus erythematosus and 30 cases of lichen planopilaris were examined for immunostaining of the CD123 marker. The percentage and distribution pattern of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the presence of the plasmacytoid dendritic cells clusters were evaluted in the samples. The number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells was higher in the discoid lupus erythematosus specimens. Aggregations of 10 cells or more (large cluster) were observed in half of the discoid lupus erythematosus specimens and only 2 lichen planopilaris, with 50% sensitivity and 93% specificity for differentiating discoid lupus erythematosus from lichen planopilaris. Incidence and prevalence of discoid lupus erythematosus-associated scarring alopecia in the scalp are low, so the samples size of our study was small. We suggest that a plasmacytoid dendritic cells cluster of 10 cells or more is highly specific for distinguishing discoid lupus erythematosus from lichen planopilaris. It also appears that CD123 immunolabeling is valuable in both active and late stages of the disease.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is one of the most common childhood cancers caused by RB gene mutations (tumor suppressor gene in various patients). A better understanding of molecular pathways and the development of new diagnostic approaches may lead to better treatment for RB patients. The number of studies on ceRNA axes is increasing, emphasizing the significance of these axes in RB. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a vital role in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory axes by sponging microRNAs and regulating gene expression. Because of the broadness of ceRNA interaction networks, they may assist in investigating treatment targets in RB. This study conducted a systematic scoping review to evaluate verified loops of ceRNA in RB, focusing on the ceRNA axis and its relationship to circRNAs. This scoping review was carried out using a six-step strategy and the Prisma guideline, and it involved systematically searching the publications of seven databases. Out of 363 records, sixteen articles were entirely consistent with the defined inclusion criteria and were summarized in the relevant table. The majority of the studies focused on the circRNAs circ_0000527, circ_0000034, and circTET1, with approximately two-fifths of the studies focusing on a single circRNA. Understanding the many features of this regulatory structure may help elucidate RB’s unknown causative factors and provide novel molecular potential therapeutic targets and medical fields.