After summarizing and evaluating works on system reliability, various models and results for predicting and evaluating system reliability have been introduced. However, we have not seen a study conducted to assess the reliability of communication systems in an underground mine. Underground mining operations are normally dependent on communication system reliability. The main purpose of this work is to study the failure of a theoretical underground mine communication system, propose a method to improve its reliability, and predict the results of the suggested method using system dynamic modeling. This study contributes to improving the reliability of communication systems in underground mines. In the case of a single nonredundant system, three options were implemented: doubling corrective maintenance, increasing preventative maintenance by 50%, and combining both measures. These three options were modeled by combining Markov modelling with system dynamic modelling methodology and were confirmed by experiments and simulation results. This combination of modelling constitutes the novelty of this study. In this paper, actual system component failure data was used for simulation for the single nonredundant system, after doubling corrective maintenance, increasing preventative maintenance by 50%, and combining in the case of implementing simultaneously both maintenance changes, but not for developing single and dual standby system models. Therefore, these models should be suitable for practical use, as they are based on actual working systems. Modelling confirmed that placing a communication system in each shaft of the theoretical underground mine increases the reliability of the communication system. The degree of availability of the communication system with single standby device shows the result of 62.38% while the communication system with two standby devices and three parallel communication systems’ availability rating shows a result of 85.18%.

In today’s semiconductor verification field, SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) are one of the most important methodologies for functional verification. A representative verification technique is Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)-based verification, which utilizes a SystemVerilog class library. On the other hand, Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) using SVA allows hardware designs to be verified without requiring knowledge of SystemVerilog’s Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts or UVM. Its syntax is intuitive and concise, enabling rapid detection of RTL (Register Transfer Level) bugs during the design and verification phases. This methodology significantly enhances productivity by drastically reducing the time required for semiconductor development. This paper proposes an ABV verification environment using SVA that is reusable in other verification environments for verifying the main functions of the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), one of the serial synchronous communication protocols. Finally, through the development of the RTL design and simulation of the core functionalities of I2C, the key characteristics of I2C were verified using ABV with SVA.

Underground mine is the most dangerous environment for miners to work in, and the miners need to be evacuated immediately in case of an accident. This article aims to develop route options for safe emergency evacuation of miners from areas where there are no radio communication in underground mine to an area where radio communication is available in the underground mine on the example of an underground mine radio communication system. We have used the Dijkstra's algorithm in the study to determine the optimization of the short-term evacuation of miners in case of an accident in an underground mine. We have also developed the optimization of evacuation route to a place where there is radio communication failure owing to an accident to a place where normal radio communication is available. Using MATLAB it was possible to analyze the shortest route for evacuation from an area without communication to an area with normal communication, and for this purpose it gave us the possibility to analyze using any number of exits. The novelty of the study was using the shortest route option on the example of radio communication failure in an underground mine.

Resource allocation that is both energy-efficient and fair remains a persistent challenge in 5G, beyond-5G, and emerging 6G networks, where users with heterogeneous service requirements compete for limited radio resources. Although rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) is commonly investigated through physical-layer models, service-level datasets often contain demand indicators without channel matrices, beamforming variables, or stream-level power parameters. We develop and evaluate a QoS-driven allocation framework based on three allocation-inspired models: an RSMA-inspired balanced model, a NOMA-inspired signal-strength-aware model, and an OFDMA proportional-fair reference model. Four metaheuristic optimizers—Genetic algorithm(GA), simulated annealing (SA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and ant colony optimization (ACO)—are applied to the same QoS demand profile, resource budget, constraints, feasibility-repair procedure, and performance measures, producing 12 model–optimizer combinations. The input comprises 400 user records, including 393 records with positive bandwidth requirements and seven records with zero bandwidth. Each method was evaluated over 30 independent runs. Under this QoS-level abstraction, RSMA-PSO produced the highest mean fitness and energy-efficiency values, whereas RSMA-GA achieved the strongest composite balance across fitness, energy efficiency, fairness, and satisfaction. The mean fitness of RSMA-GA was 9.32% higher than that of NOMA-GA and 18.00% higher than that of OFDMA-PF-GA. These results characterize allocation behavior under a shared QoS profile and should not be interpreted as full physical-layer validation of RSMA, NOMA, or OFDMA transmission.