Non-human primates (NHP) share a close relationship with humans due to a genetic homology of 75–98.5%. NHP and humans have highly similar tissue structures, immunity, physiology, and metabolism and thus often can act as hosts to the same pathogens. Agriculture, meat consumption habits, tourism development, religious beliefs, and biological research have led to more extensive and frequent contact between NHPs and humans. Deadly viruses, such as rabies virus, herpes B virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and monkeypox virus can be transferred from NHP to humans. Similarly, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and yellow fever virus can be transmitted to NHP from humans. Infectious pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can affect the health of both primates and humans. A vast number of NHP-carrying pathogens exhibit a risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, zoonotic infectious diseases should be evaluated in future research. This article reviews the research evidence, diagnostic methods, prevention, and treatment measures that may be useful in limiting the spread of several common viral pathogens via NHP and providing ideas for preventing zoonotic diseases with epidemic potential.

Background: Mammalian intestinal microbiomes are necessary for antagonizing systemic viral infections. However, very few studies have identified whether poultry commensal bacteria play a crucial role in protecting against systemic viral infections. Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogenic coronavirus that causes high morbidity and multiorgan infection tropism in chickens. Results: In this study, we used broad-spectrum oral antibiotics (ABX) to treat specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens to deplete the microbiota before infection with nephropathogenic IBV to analyze the impact of microbiota on IBV infections in vivo. Depletion of the SPF chicken microbiota increases pathogenicity and viral burden following IBV infection. The gnotobiotic chicken infection model further demonstrated that intestinal microbes are resistant to nephropathogenic IBV infection. In addition, ABX-treated chickens showed a severe reduction in macrophage activation, impaired type I IFN production, and IFN-stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the spleen. Lactobacillus isolated from SPF chickens could restore microbiota-depleted chicken macrophage activation and the IFNAR-dependent type I IFN response to limit IBV infection. Furthermore, exopolysaccharide metabolites of Lactobacillus spp. could induce IFN-β. Conclusions: This study revealed the resistance mechanism of SPF chicken intestinal microbiota to nephropathogenic IBV infection, providing new ideas for preventing and controlling nephropathogenic IBV.

Lactic acid bacteria are widely regarded as safe alternatives to antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming and have probiotic potential. Ligilactobacillus agilis (L. agilis) is a prominent component of pigeon crop microbiota; however, its function is unknown. In this study, a strain of L. agilis 1003 from pigeon cecum was identified by combining whole genome sequencing and phenotypic analysis, and its safety and probiotic properties were studied. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the L. agilis 1003 genome length is 2.58 Mb, its average percent guanine-cytosine is 40.43%, and it encodes 1,757 protein-coding genes. Annotation of clusters of orthologous groups classified predicted proteins from the assembled genome as having cellular, metabolic, and information-related functions. A gene cluster associated with the synthesis of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound confirmed by antibacterial spectrum testing was identified using genome mining tools. Based on hemolysis test results, the strain was determined to be safe. This strain exhibited a high survival rate in the presence of bile salts and acidic conditions and a significant self-aggregation propensity and hydrophobicity. In vivo animal experiments showed that L. agilis 1003 exhibits probiotic and antibacterial effects and that the substances exerting antibacterial effects are organic acids. Metabolomics analysis revealed that L. agilis 1003 supernatant contained seven organic acids, including butyric acid. L. agilis 1003 showed good safety and probiotic potential in genomics, physiological biochemistry, and animal experiments, and could be considered a suitable candidate for promoting livestock and poultry health.

(1)Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. (2)Methods: We randomly divided 36 female SD rats with SPF values of 7 weeks into model control, CBD at elevated doses, CBD at low doses, solvent control, and PBS control. Sodium acetate OA was modeled in the model, experimental and solvent control groups. After modeling, the experimental group was injected daily with CBD and solvent, and the control group was injected with PBS. After 12 days of treatment, the OA grade was scored, and the rats were anesthetized, and the rats were sacrificed by neck dislocation, blood was collected from the heart, knee joints were collected, the degree of joint swelling was recorded, and serum inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TFN-α, IL-6 concentration were and pathological changes of knee joint. (3）Results: Compared with the model group and the solvent control group, the pain and claudication of the rats in the CBD experimental group were effectively relieved, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TFN-α) in serum and synovial fluid were significantly reduced. Arthritic pathologic changes in the knee were significantly reduced. (4) Conclusion: CBD is effective in reducing blood inflammatory factors in OA rats, relieving pain and pathological changes, and has significant therapeutic effects in osteoarthritis.

Background Mammalian intestinal microbiomes are necessary for antagonizing systemic viral infections. However, very few studies have identified whether poultry commensal bacteria play a crucial role in protecting against systemic viral infections. Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogenic coronavirus that causes high morbidity and multiorgan infection tropism in chickens. Results In this study, we used broad-spectrum oral antibiotics (ABX) to treat specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens to deplete the microbiota before infection with nephropathogenic IBV to analyze the impact of microbiota on IBV infections in vivo. Depletion of the SPF chicken microbiota increases pathogenicity and viral burden following IBV infection. The gnotobiotic chicken infection model further demonstrated that intestinal microbes are resistant to nephropathogenic IBV infection. In addition, ABX-treated chickens showed a severe reduction in macrophage activation, impaired type I IFN production, and IFN-stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the spleen. Lactobacillus isolated from SPF chickens could restore microbiota-depleted chicken macrophage activation and the IFNAR-dependent type I IFN response to limit IBV infection. Furthermore, exopolysaccharide metabolites of Lactobacillus spp. could induce IFN-β. Conclusions This study revealed the resistance mechanism of SPF chicken intestinal microbiota to nephropathogenic IBV infection, providing new ideas for preventing and controlling nephropathogenic IBV.