The integration of nanostructured catalytic cavitation agents, microfluidic solutions, and computational molecular modelling forms a trilateral synergistic platform that unlocks new potential of sonocatalysis in green and sustainable chemistry.

Band alignments of bulk-CN and S-CN and the photocatalytic reduction of CO ₂ for the production of CO.

Humic substances (HSs) occupy 80% of organic matter in soil and have been widely applied for soil remediation agents, potential battery materials, and adsorbents. Since the HS extraction rate is very low by microbial degradation in nature, artificial humification processes such as aerobic composting (AC) and hydrothermal treatment (HT) have attracted a great deal of attention as the most important strategies in HS production. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review on the development of conversion of biomass waste into HSs based on AC and HT for the first time in terms of mechanisms, characteristics of HSs’ molecular structure, and influencing factors. In addition, some differences based on the aforementioned information between AC and HT are reviewed and discussed in the conversion of biomass waste into HSs in a pioneering way. For biomass waste conversion, a feasible strategy on effective humification processes by combining AC with HT is proposed.

The presence of moderate water volume enhances the photocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in acetonitrile, consistently observed across various catalysts and substrates, highlighting its potential for broad application in photocatalysis.