Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountains (TPSM) have experienced prominent glacier retreat since the Global Last Glacial Maximum, while the detailed deglaciation process remains unclear. To investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of the glacier retreat history, we compiled 196 moraines dating from 26.5 to 10 ka based on 994 boulder ¹⁰Be exposure age from seven regions on the TPSM and calculated the separated component Gaussians of moraine ages. The result shows that synchronous glacier retreat across the entire TPSM began around 22 ka in response to onset of rising local summer insolation. Moraine abandonment centered at five stages, i.e., 22–20, 19–18 ka, 17–16, 14.5–12.9, and 11.6–10 ka. Synchronous retreat occurred at 22–20 ka and 14.5–12.9 ka in all seven regions, while at 19–18 ka, it occurred in all regions except Tianshan. Pamir and NE Tibet showed no retreat at 17–16 ka, likely due to the sustained influence of the Westerlies. The stage at 11.6–10 ka was absent in Central Tibet due to lack of chronology from the perched moraines therein. This work offers new insights into the evolution of the cryosphere and adjustments in atmospheric circulation on the TPSM.

This study focused on the surface microtextures of quartz grains deposited by dam-break floods in Jiacha Gorge, situated in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM), 200 quartz grains were observed and analyzed based on their microtextural features. Our findings reveal specific microtextures—such as angular outlines, high relief, flat cleavage surfaces, conchoidal fractures, and steps—that serve as clear indicators of the extreme energy associated with dam-break floods in Jiacha Gorge, distinguishing them from meteorological floods and smaller-scale dam-break events. These features also facilitate the differentiation of dam-break flood deposits from those of other sedimentary environments. This research demonstrates that quartz microtextures are a valuable tool for reconstructing sediment transport processes during extreme flood events. We recommend integrating microtextural analysis with complementary methods to refine interpretations and address methodological uncertainties in future studies.

Precisely dated paleoclimatic records are essential for understanding natural and anthropogenic climate influences. Here, an annually resolved absolutely dated Juniperus saltuaria tree ring width chronology from the Haizi mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) was developed. The chronology shows the annual- to decadal-scale paleoclimatic variability of the southeastern TP over the past 903 years (1115–2017 CE). The tree ring widths correlate significantly with mean annual temperature (T_mean). A linear regression model between ring width and T_mean, accounting for 57% of the variance in temperature from 1959 to 2017 CE, was used to reconstruct the past 903 years of T_mean variation in the southeastern TP. The chronology aligns with other temperature records from the TP, Asia, and the Northern Hemisphere (NH), indicating a marked temperature increase since the late twentieth century, with 1998–2017 CE identified as the warmest period. The coldest thirty years occurred in 1115–1145 CE. Solar activity and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation exert notable influences on temperature fluctuations in this region. Superposed epoch analysis indicates that volcanic eruptions had significantly impacted southeastern TP temperatures, causing dramatic cooling for 2–4 years. Our study presents the longest width chronology developed by Juniperus saltuaria to date, offering a long-term perspective on recent climatic shifts across the southeastern TP. This work enhances understanding of historical climate variability, providing critical insights to refine projections of future climate variability.

Characterized as a climatologically sensitive region, the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (STP) is an ideal location for dendrochronological research. Here, five tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies were developed: three for Picea likiangensis along altitudinal gradients from 3600 to 4400 m a.s.l. and two for Sabina saltuaria and Abies squamata from 4200 m a.s.l. Significant differences in the growth rates and age composition of Picea likiangensis were observed at various elevation gradients. The chronology statistics (mean sensitivity, etc.) fluctuated with the elevation gradient. Picea likiangensis showed distinct growth patterns in response to climatic variability along the altitude gradient: the minimum temperature influenced tree growth at lower and middle altitudes, while higher altitudes were affected by precipitation. The radial growth of different tree species growing in the same region is controlled by the same climatic factors. Sabina saltuaria and Abies squamata exhibited similar growth responses to Picea likiangensis. Stand conditions (wind speeds, slope, and elevation) and biotic factors (the depth of root, forest type, tree age, and sensitivity) can partially explain why the ring width–climate relationships change with altitude.

Two annually resolved and absolutely dated Juniperus saltuaria (JS) tree ring width chronologies from the Haizi mountain, southeastern TP were reported in here. We sampled two sites in different landscapes, one is located at the forest line at ca. 4200 m above sea level beside an incised valley, and the other at the plateau surface, ca. 4500 m in elevation. Comparisons of statistical parameters between two sites and their tree ring index correlation coefficient with meteorologic data of DaoCheng shows that the latter site exhibits higher value than the former one. These indicate that those trees growing along the valley side may be more susceptible to local environment, and those on the plateau surface can provide reliable record for regional climate. Based on the latter chronology, a 903a long annual mean temperature (Tmean) series (1115-2017 CE) was reconstructed. It is the longest width chronology reconstructed by JS at present. The entire sequence shows consistent warm-cold patterns with other temperature reconstructions of the TP, Asia, and Northern Hemisphere. The warmest (coldest) period occurred at 1998-2017 CE (1115-1145 CE), respectively. There was no doubt that temperature raised sharply since the end of the 20th century. In addition, the sequence demonstrates multi-decadal, decadal and inter-decadal variations, further multi-taper method reveals dominant periodicities are 147, 36, 18, 7 and 2-2.6a, likely been affected by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and solar activity. The forcing of volcanic eruptions resulted to subsequent 1-3 years temperature drops.