Mahmūd Darwīš (1941-2008) nació en la pequeña villa palestina de al-Birwah, la cual se localizaba al oeste de Galilea, a unos cuantos kilómetros del puerto de ’Akka (San Juan de Acre). Sin lugar a dudas, este poeta es una de las figuras más relevantes de la poesía y la literatura contemporáneas de Palestina. Un autor aclamado dentro y fuera del mundo árabe, que influyó significativamente en la instauración de la identidad de Palestina luego del establecimiento del Estado de Israel (Saith, 2005; Yeshurun, 2012, pp. 46-70). Asimismo, es un referente sin igual para el estudio de la literatura árabe moderna y uno de los escritores árabes más traducidos de la actualidad, al menos a veinte idiomas. Su trabajo fue mundialmente reconocido con numerosos galardones, entre los que destacan el Lenin Peace Prize de la Unión Soviética en 1983, el grado de commandeur de la Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de Francia en 1997, el Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize de Estados Unidos en 2001, y el Pre¬mio Príncipe Claus de Holanda en 2004 (Mahmoud Darwish Foundation and Museum, 2008a).

This article explores the opinion dynamics of a double coalition opinion against a third opinion under majority rule updates on odd fixed size connected groups. For this purpose, coalition benefit criteria and three opinion formation models which extend the 2-state majority rule model on lattices are introduced. The proposed models focus on the coalition profit of its constituent coalition opinions and cover the possible final scenarios from coalition alliance perspective: either minor opinion or major opinion is favored, or dynamics do not favor to any coalition opinion. Opinion exchanges take place on a torus embedded lattice network of a 3-state system having in consideration tie configurations and two rules to break them: either by random choice or leaving ties unaltered. Models were analyzed in the statistical mechanics spirit through Monte Carlo simulations without node replacement. Estimations for coalition benefits, the growth of coalition ties, and consensus probabilities are reported. The loss of coalition strengths due to coalition ties and its indecision is indicated. In particular, the logistic decay of consensus probability is due to the logistic adaptive growth of coalition ties. Scaling behaviors for consensus time and coalition ties in terms of network size are suggested. The results of numerical simulations are discussed in the context of social influence and social dynamics.

Spin dynamics on networks allows us to understand how a global consensus emerges out of individual opinions. Here, we are interested in the effect of heterogeneity in the initial geographic distribution of a competing opinion on the competitiveness of its own opinion. Accordingly, in this work, we studied the effect of spatial heterogeneity on the majority rule dynamics using a three-state spin model, in which one state is neutral. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on square lattices divided into square blocks (cells). Accordingly, one competing opinion was distributed uniformly among cells, whereas the spatial distribution of the rival opinion was varied from the uniform to heterogeneous, with the median-to-mean ratio in the range from 1 to 0. When the size of discussion group is odd, the uncommitted agents disappear completely after 3.30 ± 0.05 update cycles, and then the system evolves in a two-state regime with complementary spatial distributions of two competing opinions. Even so, the initial heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of one of the competing opinions causes a decrease of this opinion competitiveness. That is, the opinion with initially heterogeneous spatial distribution has less probability to win, than the opinion with the initially uniform spatial distribution, even when the initial concentrations of both opinions are equal. We found that although the time to consensus , the opinion’s recession rate is determined during the first 3.3 update cycles. On the other hand, we found that the initial heterogeneity of the opinion spatial distribution assists the formation of quasi-stable regions, in which this opinion is dominant. The results of Monte Carlo simulations are discussed with regard to the electoral competition of political parties.

Se presenta una interpretación del poema “Ka-Ḥādiṯatin Ġāmiḍatin” (Como un incidente misterioso), de Mahmud Darwish, con base en una traducción personal (árabe-español) del poema y en la filosofía de Martin Heidegger sobre lenguaje y poesía, así como en el concepto de escritor comprometido de Jean-Paul Sartre. El poema explora el significado y la creación de la poesía. Sus versos contienen comentarios esperanzadores que el poeta griego Yanis Ritsos dirigió a Palestina hace más de treinta años y que vuelven a adquirir valor en las condiciones actuales en esa región.