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Hyeon-Ju Kim
Offshore Plant Research Department, Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering, Daejeon 34103, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 05 September 2020 in Processes
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To mitigate the power shortage problem in the South Pacific island nations and the equatorial area, we studied the development characteristics of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) using abundant clean ocean energy. Through the simulation of open- and closed-cycle OTEC, the generation amount and its economic efficiency were compared, and the application characteristics of the power generation cycle according to the seawater temperature distribution were compared by applying various seawater temperature conditions. According to the characteristics of seawater heat sources in the region, the power generation output was about 883.2 kW in Samoa, and the average power generation by region was about 650.5 kW for the open-cycle OTEC model. Regional revenue up to approximately $8,487,000 was generated in Kiribati, driven by the higher electricity tariff of $0.327/kWh and high water costs of $5.86/ton. With the spread of 50 MW commercial plants, Kiribati had a high net present value of $1,930,402,000, and its internal rate of return was more than 37.0%. This paper is presents a method of securing economic feasibility of OTEC according to various heat source conditions and economic conditions in the region, while it also analyzes the capacity and type of the power plant.

ACS Style

Lim Seungtaek; Lee Hosaeng; Moon Junghyun; Kim Hyeonju. Simulation Data of Regional Economic Analysis of OTEC for Applicable Area. Processes 2020, 8, 1107 .

AMA Style

Lim Seungtaek, Lee Hosaeng, Moon Junghyun, Kim Hyeonju. Simulation Data of Regional Economic Analysis of OTEC for Applicable Area. Processes. 2020; 8 (9):1107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lim Seungtaek; Lee Hosaeng; Moon Junghyun; Kim Hyeonju. 2020. "Simulation Data of Regional Economic Analysis of OTEC for Applicable Area." Processes 8, no. 9: 1107.

Book chapter
Published: 13 May 2020 in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress
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The deployment of a land-based Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant in South Tarawa, Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region, in 2020/2021, represents a major technical achievement, alongside an international development opportunity. Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS) are archipelago nations with small land areas and large oceanic exclusive economic zones. Geographical isolation and large transport distances make economic development a challenge. A lack of affordable and reliable energy in many PSIDS is a development inhibitor. PSIDS are situated within the areas of highest ocean thermal potential in the world. Temperature differences between surface and 1 km depth waters, are in excess of 24°C. Regional geology and tectonics allow access to deeper, colder, waters within few kilometres of many shorelines, and close to market. Seawater Utilization technologies can catalyse varied industrial development (e.g., fresh water/aquaculture/agriculture/mineral salts). The KRISO (Korean Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering)-Government of Kiribati OTEC partnership is already 7 years old (2013–2020) and has involved extensive negotiations, awareness raising programmes, and inclusive collaboration. The project will test OTEC technologies and explore a range development opportunities for Kiribati. The programme could become a role model for the application of the concept of ‘Interconnected Geoscience’.

ACS Style

Michael G. Petterson; Hyeon Ju Kim. Can Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Seawater Utilisation Assist Small Island Developing States? A Case Study of Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Michael G. Petterson, Hyeon Ju Kim. Can Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Seawater Utilisation Assist Small Island Developing States? A Case Study of Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael G. Petterson; Hyeon Ju Kim. 2020. "Can Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Seawater Utilisation Assist Small Island Developing States? A Case Study of Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region." Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 13 May 2020 in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress
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The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant is designed to improve the efficiency of the existing plants. Various researches are being conducted to increase the plant’s efficiency and output with the use of an enhancer, and studies for performance improvement are also in progress from the Kalina and Uehara cycles to ejector pump OTEC (EP-OTEC). Their performance can be improved by increasing the evaporation pressure using an unused heat source and reducing the heat consumption using a reheating system and a regenerator. In the case of EP-OTEC, an ejector is installed near the turbine-exit to reduce the pressure and therefore increase the power output. In simulations and experiments conducted in this study, EP-OTEC showed 38% efficiency improvement from the basic cycle, which is due to the power output volume increase. The optimum ratio was derived by adjusting the pressure ratio. The demonstration plant to be developed in the future is expected to be applied to the high-efficiency OTEC demonstration plant with improved performance, and new technologies will be continuously developed considering economics and commercial viability.

ACS Style

Hosaeng Lee; Seungtaek Lim; Jungin Yoon; Hyeonju Kim. Novel OTEC Cycle Using Efficiency Enhancer. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Hosaeng Lee, Seungtaek Lim, Jungin Yoon, Hyeonju Kim. Novel OTEC Cycle Using Efficiency Enhancer. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hosaeng Lee; Seungtaek Lim; Jungin Yoon; Hyeonju Kim. 2020. "Novel OTEC Cycle Using Efficiency Enhancer." Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Near infinite seawater thermal energy, which is considered as an alternative to energy shortage, is expected to be available to 98 countries around the world. Currently, a demonstration plant is being built using closed MW class ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). In order to stabilize the operation of the OTEC, automation through a PID control is required. To construct the control system, the control logic is constructed, the algorithm is selected, and each control value is derived. In this paper, we established an optimal control system of a closed OTEC, which is to be demonstrated in Kiribati through simulation, to compare the operating characteristics and to build a system that maintains a superheat of 1 °C or more according to seawater temperature changes. The conditions applied to the simulation were the surface seawater temperature of 31 °C and the deep seawater temperature of 5.5 °C, and the changes of turbine output, flow rate, required power, and evaporation pressure of the refrigerant pump were compared as the temperature difference gradually decreased. As a result of comparing the RPM control according to the selected PID control value, it was confirmed that an error rate of 0.01% was shown in the temperature difference condition of 21.5 °C. In addition, the average superheat degree decreased as the temperature difference decreased, and after about 6000 s and a temperature decrease to 24 °C or less, the average superheat degree was maintained while maintaining the superheat degree of 1.7 °C on average.

ACS Style

Lim Seungtaek; Lee Hoseang; Kim Hyeonju. Dynamic Simulation of System Performance Change by PID Automatic Control of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 59 .

AMA Style

Lim Seungtaek, Lee Hoseang, Kim Hyeonju. Dynamic Simulation of System Performance Change by PID Automatic Control of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (1):59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lim Seungtaek; Lee Hoseang; Kim Hyeonju. 2020. "Dynamic Simulation of System Performance Change by PID Automatic Control of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 1: 59.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2017 in Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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ACS Style

Yong-Ju Kwon; Bo Woo Nam; Namwoo Kim; Dong-Ho Jung; Sa Young Hong; Hyeon-Ju Kim. Numerical and Experimental Study on Motion Response of 1MW OTEC Platform. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 2017, 31, 81 -90.

AMA Style

Yong-Ju Kwon, Bo Woo Nam, Namwoo Kim, Dong-Ho Jung, Sa Young Hong, Hyeon-Ju Kim. Numerical and Experimental Study on Motion Response of 1MW OTEC Platform. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology. 2017; 31 (2):81-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yong-Ju Kwon; Bo Woo Nam; Namwoo Kim; Dong-Ho Jung; Sa Young Hong; Hyeon-Ju Kim. 2017. "Numerical and Experimental Study on Motion Response of 1MW OTEC Platform." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 31, no. 2: 81-90.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Desalination
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This paper introduces a novel time-scheduling scheme for adsorption desalination (AD). Mathematically, a critical bed pressure of the Toth isotherm is defined as the pressure above which the uptake ratio scarcely changes. Heat balance equations of sorption beds for precooling, adsorption, preheating, and desorption are unified into a single equation. This general governing equation is used to model AD systems, which consists of an arbitrary number of bed pairs with specifically preset initial thermal phases. A theoretical minimum of switching interval is derived as a function of thermal properties of reaction beds and heat exchangers. In the new time scheduling scheme, no bed pairs are in an identical process schedule, because each bed has its initial time lag (ITL) when the operation starts. We found that specific AD performances vary noticeably depending on the ITL values, the number of beds, and more importantly, the number of beds in a time-lag group. There must be an optimal ITL for given operational parameters, which can distinctly increase the water production rate without using extra heat sources. This can dynamically optimize the relative performance of desalination rates and cooling capacities of AD processes.

ACS Style

Albert S. Kim; Ho-Saeng Lee; Deok-Soo Moon; Hyeon-Ju Kim. Performance control on adsorption desalination using initial time lag (ITL) of individual beds. Desalination 2016, 396, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Albert S. Kim, Ho-Saeng Lee, Deok-Soo Moon, Hyeon-Ju Kim. Performance control on adsorption desalination using initial time lag (ITL) of individual beds. Desalination. 2016; 396 ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albert S. Kim; Ho-Saeng Lee; Deok-Soo Moon; Hyeon-Ju Kim. 2016. "Performance control on adsorption desalination using initial time lag (ITL) of individual beds." Desalination 396, no. : 1-16.

Research article
Published: 03 September 2015 in Journal of Nanomaterials
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Montmorillonite (MMT) may become a preferred filler material for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to its high aspect ratio, large surface area, and low charge density. In the present paper, MMT/glass/vinylester multiscale composites are prepared with untreated and surface-treated MMT clay particles with an MMT content of 1.0 wt%. Effects of surface treatment on mechanical properties of MMT/glass/vinylester multiscale composites are investigated through tensile and bending tests, which revealed enhanced mechanical properties in the case of surface-treated MMT. Thermal properties are studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). X-Ray diffraction is performed to investigate the interaction between MMT and the matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) is also performed for both untreated and surface-treated MMT. Furthermore, Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) is conducted to investigate the path of fracture propagation within the composite surface, showing that the surface-treated MMT based multiscale composite has better interactions with the host matrix than the untreated MMT multiscale composites. These composites with enhanced mechanical strength can be used for various mechanical applications.

ACS Style

Garima Mittal; Vivek Dhand; Ji Il Ryu; Kyong Yop Rhee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong Ho Jung. Fabrication of Modified MMT/Glass/Vinylester Multiscale Composites and Their Mechanical Properties. Journal of Nanomaterials 2015, 2015, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Garima Mittal, Vivek Dhand, Ji Il Ryu, Kyong Yop Rhee, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Dong Ho Jung. Fabrication of Modified MMT/Glass/Vinylester Multiscale Composites and Their Mechanical Properties. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2015; 2015 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garima Mittal; Vivek Dhand; Ji Il Ryu; Kyong Yop Rhee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong Ho Jung. 2015. "Fabrication of Modified MMT/Glass/Vinylester Multiscale Composites and Their Mechanical Properties." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015, no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2015 in Ocean Engineering
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The present investigation is focused on montmorillonite (Cloisite® Na+)-based vinylester/glass fiber composites. In the present study, two types of composites are processed by incorporating 1.0 wt% untreated and treated montmorillonite into vinylester/glass fiber composites and the effect of seawater absorption on their mechanical properties was studied for marine applications. The surface treatment of MMT was performed using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. When montmorillonite clay comes into contact with water, swelling between layers occurs that consequently alters the mechanical properties of the composites. The tensile and bending strengths of the composites before and after seawater absorption were investigated using ASTM methods with a Universal Testing Machine. Chemical and physical changes were studied through X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to analyze the effect of seawater absorption on the thermal properties. The morphology of the fractured surfaces before and after seawater absorption was analyzed using FE-SEM. The results show that treated MMT-based composites show better mechanical properties in dry and seawater-absorbed conditions than the untreated MMT-based composites, but the mechanical properties of both composites decrease after seawater immersion.

ACS Style

Garima Mittal; Vivek Dhand; Kyong Yop Rhee; Soo Jin Park; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong Ho Jung. Investigation of seawater effects on the mechanical properties of untreated and treated MMT-based glass fiber/vinylester composites. Ocean Engineering 2015, 108, 393 -401.

AMA Style

Garima Mittal, Vivek Dhand, Kyong Yop Rhee, Soo Jin Park, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Dong Ho Jung. Investigation of seawater effects on the mechanical properties of untreated and treated MMT-based glass fiber/vinylester composites. Ocean Engineering. 2015; 108 ():393-401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garima Mittal; Vivek Dhand; Kyong Yop Rhee; Soo Jin Park; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong Ho Jung. 2015. "Investigation of seawater effects on the mechanical properties of untreated and treated MMT-based glass fiber/vinylester composites." Ocean Engineering 108, no. : 393-401.

Review
Published: 31 January 2015 in Carbon Letters
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ACS Style

Garima Mittal; Vivek Dhand; KyongYop Rhee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong Ho Jung. Carbon nanotubes synthesis using diffusion and premixed flame methods: a review. Carbon Letters 2015, 16, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Garima Mittal, Vivek Dhand, KyongYop Rhee, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Dong Ho Jung. Carbon nanotubes synthesis using diffusion and premixed flame methods: a review. Carbon Letters. 2015; 16 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garima Mittal; Vivek Dhand; KyongYop Rhee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong Ho Jung. 2015. "Carbon nanotubes synthesis using diffusion and premixed flame methods: a review." Carbon Letters 16, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2013 in Journal of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering
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ACS Style

Dong-Ho Jung; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Sa-Young Hong; Ho-Saeng Lee. Offshore structure for OTEC. Journal of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering 2013, 17, 5 -11.

AMA Style

Dong-Ho Jung, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Sa-Young Hong, Ho-Saeng Lee. Offshore structure for OTEC. Journal of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering. 2013; 17 (3):5-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong-Ho Jung; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Sa-Young Hong; Ho-Saeng Lee. 2013. "Offshore structure for OTEC." Journal of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering 17, no. 3: 5-11.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2012 in Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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Investigation of Safety and Design of Mooring Lines for Floating Wave Energy Conversion Mooring line;Design;Extreme value analysis;Pretension;Safety analysis; A study was performed on the design of a mooring line to maintain the position of a floating WEC (wave energy conversion) system. The procedure to design a mooring line is set up and the safety of the designed mooring system is evaluated using commercial software, Orcaflex. The characteristics curve for one line is analyzed to determine the properties and pretension of a mooring line. While considering the ocean environmental condition and importance of a floating WEC system, a multi-line layout is determined. A 4-point mooring system with 4 lines shows the instability in the yaw motion of the floating WEC system under a designed ocean environmental condition. The redesigned 4-point mooring system with 8 lines is found to be safe on the condition of a harsh ocean environment. The floating WEC system with the redesigned mooring system also shows stable motion in surge and pitch under operating conditions. From a parametric study on the mooring line length, the extreme value of the mooring line tension is found to be very sensitive to the pretension and length of mooring line. The results of this study can contribute to the establishment of a design procedure for mooring lines.

ACS Style

Dong-Ho Jung; Bo-Woo Nam; Seung-Ho Shin; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Ho-Saeng Lee; Deok-Soo Moon; Je-Ha Song. Investigation of Safety and Design of Mooring Lines for Floating Wave Energy Conversion. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 2012, 26, 77 -85.

AMA Style

Dong-Ho Jung, Bo-Woo Nam, Seung-Ho Shin, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Ho-Saeng Lee, Deok-Soo Moon, Je-Ha Song. Investigation of Safety and Design of Mooring Lines for Floating Wave Energy Conversion. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology. 2012; 26 (4):77-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong-Ho Jung; Bo-Woo Nam; Seung-Ho Shin; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Ho-Saeng Lee; Deok-Soo Moon; Je-Ha Song. 2012. "Investigation of Safety and Design of Mooring Lines for Floating Wave Energy Conversion." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 26, no. 4: 77-85.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2012 in Carbon Letters
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ACS Style

Man-Tae Kim; Kyong-Yop Rhee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong-Ho Jung. Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Flexural Properties of Basalt/CNT/Epoxy Composites. Carbon Letters 2012, 13, 187 -189.

AMA Style

Man-Tae Kim, Kyong-Yop Rhee, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Dong-Ho Jung. Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Flexural Properties of Basalt/CNT/Epoxy Composites. Carbon Letters. 2012; 13 (3):187-189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Man-Tae Kim; Kyong-Yop Rhee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong-Ho Jung. 2012. "Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Flexural Properties of Basalt/CNT/Epoxy Composites." Carbon Letters 13, no. 3: 187-189.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2012 in Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy
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ACS Style

Mi-Yeon Choi; Deok-Soo Moon; Dong-Ho Jung; Hyeon-Ju Kim. Seasonal Distribution of Water Masses and Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Nutrients in the Coastal Areas of Gangwon Province of the Korean East Sea in 2009. Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy 2012, 15, 76 -88.

AMA Style

Mi-Yeon Choi, Deok-Soo Moon, Dong-Ho Jung, Hyeon-Ju Kim. Seasonal Distribution of Water Masses and Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Nutrients in the Coastal Areas of Gangwon Province of the Korean East Sea in 2009. Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy. 2012; 15 (2):76-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mi-Yeon Choi; Deok-Soo Moon; Dong-Ho Jung; Hyeon-Ju Kim. 2012. "Seasonal Distribution of Water Masses and Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Nutrients in the Coastal Areas of Gangwon Province of the Korean East Sea in 2009." Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy 15, no. 2: 76-88.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2012 in Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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ACS Style

Dong-Ho Jung; Ho-Saeng Lee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Deok-Soo Moon; Seung-Won Lee. Key Technologies for Floating Type Artificial Upwelling System to Strengthen Primary Production. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 2012, 26, 78 -83.

AMA Style

Dong-Ho Jung, Ho-Saeng Lee, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Deok-Soo Moon, Seung-Won Lee. Key Technologies for Floating Type Artificial Upwelling System to Strengthen Primary Production. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology. 2012; 26 (1):78-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong-Ho Jung; Ho-Saeng Lee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Deok-Soo Moon; Seung-Won Lee. 2012. "Key Technologies for Floating Type Artificial Upwelling System to Strengthen Primary Production." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 26, no. 1: 78-83.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2011 in Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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ACS Style

Ho-Saeng Lee; Dong-Ho Jung; Seok-Won Hong; Hyeon-Ju Kim. Performance Analysis of Closed-type OTEC Cycle using Waste Heat. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 2011, 25, 80 -84.

AMA Style

Ho-Saeng Lee, Dong-Ho Jung, Seok-Won Hong, Hyeon-Ju Kim. Performance Analysis of Closed-type OTEC Cycle using Waste Heat. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology. 2011; 25 (1):80-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ho-Saeng Lee; Dong-Ho Jung; Seok-Won Hong; Hyeon-Ju Kim. 2011. "Performance Analysis of Closed-type OTEC Cycle using Waste Heat." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 25, no. 1: 80-84.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2011 in Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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ACS Style

Ho-Saeng Lee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong-Ho Jung; Deok-Soo Moon. A Study on the Improvement for Cycle Efficiency of Closed-type OTEC. Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology 2011, 35, 46 -52.

AMA Style

Ho-Saeng Lee, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Dong-Ho Jung, Deok-Soo Moon. A Study on the Improvement for Cycle Efficiency of Closed-type OTEC. Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology. 2011; 35 (1):46-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ho-Saeng Lee; Hyeon-Ju Kim; Dong-Ho Jung; Deok-Soo Moon. 2011. "A Study on the Improvement for Cycle Efficiency of Closed-type OTEC." Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology 35, no. 1: 46-52.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2010 in Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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ACS Style

Ah-Ree Kim; Seung-Won Lee; Dong-Ho Jung; Deok-Soo Moon; Hyeon-Ju Kim. A Preliminary Study comparing the Growth of Phytoplankton according to the Ratio of Deep and Surface Seawater. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2010, 43, 373 -379.

AMA Style

Ah-Ree Kim, Seung-Won Lee, Dong-Ho Jung, Deok-Soo Moon, Hyeon-Ju Kim. A Preliminary Study comparing the Growth of Phytoplankton according to the Ratio of Deep and Surface Seawater. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2010; 43 (4):373-379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ah-Ree Kim; Seung-Won Lee; Dong-Ho Jung; Deok-Soo Moon; Hyeon-Ju Kim. 2010. "A Preliminary Study comparing the Growth of Phytoplankton according to the Ratio of Deep and Surface Seawater." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 4: 373-379.