Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal in nature, which causes severe damage to plant growth. The molecular mechanisms for Cd detoxification are poorly understood. Here, we report that a G-type ATP-binding cassette transporter, OsABCG36, is involved in Cd tolerance in rice. OsABCG36 was expressed in both roots and shoots at a low level, but expression in the roots rather than the shoots was greatly up-regulated by a short exposure to Cd. A spatial expression analysis showed that Cd-induced expression of OsABCG36 was found in both the root tip and the mature root region. Transient expression of OsABCG36 in rice protoplast cells showed that it was localized to the plasma membrane. Immunostaining showed that OsABCG36 was localized in all root cells except the epidermal cells. Knockout of OsABCG36 resulted in increased Cd accumulation in root cell sap and enhanced Cd sensitivity, but did not affect tolerance to other metals including Al, Zn, Cu, and Pb. The concentration of Cd in the shoots was similar between the knockout lines and wild-type rice. Heterologous expression of OsABCG36 in yeast showed an efflux activity for Cd, but not for Zn. Taken together, our results indicate that OsABCG36 is not involved in Cd accumulation in the shoots, but is required for Cd tolerance by exporting Cd or Cd conjugates from the root cells in rice.

Amino acids are not only a nitrogen source that can be directly absorbed by plants, but also the major transport form of organic nitrogen in plants. A large number of amino acid transporters have been identified in different plant species. Despite belonging to different families, these amino acid transporters usually exhibit some general features, such as broad expression pattern and substrate selectivity. This review mainly focuses on transporters involved in amino acid uptake, phloem loading and unloading, xylem-phloem transfer, import into seed and intracellular transport in plants. We summarize the other physiological roles mediated by amino acid transporters, including development regulation, abiotic stress tolerance and defense response. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of amino acid transporters for crop genetic improvement.

Casparian strips at the endodermis of roots mediate the selective uptake of mineral elements in rice by preventing apoplastic flow and have impacts on transport

Cytosolic pH homeostasis is a precondition for the normal growth and stress responses in plants, and H⁺ flux across the plasma membrane is essential for cytoplasmic pH control. Hence, this review focuses on seven types of proteins that possess direct H⁺ transport activity, namely, H⁺-ATPase, NHX, CHX, AMT, NRT, PHT, and KT/HAK/KUP, to summarize their plasma-membrane-located family members, the effect of corresponding gene knockout and/or overexpression on cytosolic pH, the H⁺ transport pathway, and their functional regulation by the extracellular/cytosolic pH. In general, H⁺-ATPases mediate H⁺ extrusion, whereas most members of other six proteins mediate H⁺ influx, thus contributing to cytosolic pH homeostasis by directly modulating H⁺ flux across the plasma membrane. The fact that some AMTs/NRTs mediate H⁺-coupled substrate influx, whereas other intra-family members facilitate H⁺-uncoupled substrate transport, demonstrates that not all plasma membrane transporters possess H⁺-coupled substrate transport mechanisms, and using the transport mechanism of a protein to represent the case of the entire family is not suitable. The transport activity of these proteins is regulated by extracellular and/or cytosolic pH, with different structural bases for H⁺ transfer among these seven types of proteins. Notably, intra-family members possess distinct pH regulatory characterization and underlying residues for H⁺ transfer. This review is anticipated to facilitate the understanding of the molecular basis for cytosolic pH homeostasis. Despite this progress, the strategy of their cooperation for cytosolic pH homeostasis needs further investigation.

Binding of transcription factors (TFs) to cis-regulatory elements (DNA) could modulate the expression of downstream genes, while interactions between TFs and other proteins might inhibit them binding to DNA. Nowadays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) approaches are usually employed to detect the inhibitory effect. However, EMSA might not reflect the inhibitory effect in vivo. ChIP requires preparation of specific antibody or stable genetic transformation and complicated experimental steps, making it laborious and time-consuming. Here, based on the yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) system, we present a simple method to detect the inhibition of TF–DNA binding due to protein–protein interactions in vivo. When interactions between TFs and other proteins inhibit TFs binding to DNA, the reporter (Aureobasidin A resistance) gene is not activated, thereby inhibiting yeast growth on media containing the AbA antibiotic. Two examples were tested with the newly developed method to demonstrate its feasibility. In conclusion, this method provides an alternative strategy for detecting the inhibition of DNA-binding of TFs due to their interactions with other proteins in vivo.