In composting, the degradation of lignocellulose in straw is problematic due to its complex structures such as lignin. A common solution to this problem is the addition of exogenous inoculants. AC-1, a stable thermophilic microbial composite, was isolated from high temperature compost samples that can decompose lignocellulose at 50–70 °C. AC-1 had a best degradation efficiency of rice straw at 60 °C (78.92%), of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were 82.49%, 97.20% and 20.12%, respectively. It showed degrad-ability on both simple (filter paper, absorbent cotton) and complex (rice straw) cellulose materials. It produced acetic and formic acid during decomposition process and the pH had a trend of first downward then upward. High throughput sequencing revealed the main bacterial components of AC-1 were Tepidimicrobium, Haloplasma, norank-f-Limnochordaceae, Ruminiclostridium and Rhodothermus which provides major theoretical basis for further application of AC-1.

Low temperature is one of the bottleneck factors that limits the degradation of straw during rice straw incorporation. Determining strategies to promote the efficient degradation of straw in cold regions has become a highly active research area. This study was to investigate the effect of rice straw incorporation by adding exogenous lignocellulose decomposition microbial consortiums at different soil depths in cold regions. The results showed that the lignocellulose was degraded the most efficiently during straw incorporation, which was in deep soil with the full addition of a high-temperature bacterial system. The composite bacterial systems changed the indigenous soil microbial community structure and diminished the effect of straw incorporation on soil pH, it also significantly increased rice yield and effectively enhanced the functional abundance of soil microorganisms. The predominant bacteria SJA-15, Gemmatimonadaceae, and Bradyrhizobium promoted straw degradation. The concentration of bacterial system and the depth of soil had significantly positive correlations on lignocellulose degradation. These results provide new insights and a theoretical basis for the changes in the soil microbial community and the application of lignocellulose-degrading composite microbial systems with straw incorporation in cold regions.

The effective use of nutrient-rich crop straw is an important way to use resources efficiently and to sustain agricultural development. This meta-analysis study collected and analyzed the data of 6788 observations published in 238 peer-reviewed papers to investigate differences in soil C-N fractions and yields of paddy soils under different straw-return amounts. This large dataset was also used to quantify the degree of influence of factors such as climate characteristics, soil properties, N fertilizer application rates, straw-rotting agent addition, rice varieties, and straw return methods. The results showed that straw return amounts improved soil alkaline-hydrolysable N (7%), total N (10%), organic C (11%), the C:N ratio (8%), rice N accumulation (12%), and overall yield (18%). The most significant effect was in northeast China fields for total soil nitrogen (TN) content and yield with increases of 13% and 22%, respectively. We also found more effective N utilization and a greater rice yield when 220–260 kg ha⁻¹ N fertilizer was applied with 20–30 kg ha⁻¹ straw-rotting agent with the total amount of straw return. These findings have important implications for choosing appropriate conditions and field management practices and to improve rice yield in China.

Calmodulin-like proteins (CML) are important calcium signal transduction proteins in plants. CML genes have been analyzed in several plants. However, little information on CML in Phaseolus vulgare is available. In this study, we identified 111 PvCMLs distributed on eleven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into seven subfamilies. Cis-acting element prediction showed that PvCML contained elements related to growth and development, response to abiotic stress and hormones. Moreover, the majority of PvCMLs showed different expression patterns in most of the nine tissues and developmental stages which indicated the role of PvCML in the growth and development of common bean. Additionally, the common bean was treated with melatonin by seed soaking, and root transcriptome at the 5th day and qRT-PCR of different tissue at several stages were performed to reveal the response of PvCML to the hormone. Interestingly, 9 PvCML genes of subfamily VI were detected responsive to exogenous melatonin, and the expression dynamics of nine melatonin response PvCML genes after seed soaking with melatonin were revealed. Finally, the protein interaction network analysis of nine melatonin responsive PvCMLs was constructed. The systematic analysis of the PvCML gene family provides theoretical support for the further elucidation of their functions, and melatonin response molecular mechanism of the CML family in P. vulgaris.

Rotation and fertilization are important methods used to improve crop yield. In particular, crop rotation is an effective means of enhancing ecosystem diversity; however, there exist relatively few studies regarding the effects of long-term maize–soybean rotation and fertilization on soil microbial communities. To further understand the changes in soil microbial community structure under long-term maize–soybean rotation and fertilization, we used a 9-year-old experimental site with maize–soybean rotation as the research object and soybean continuous cropping as a control. We explored the growth effects of soybean and the changes in soil microbial communities under the soybean–maize rotation system and fertilization treatments by analyzing the physicochemical properties of the soil, crop agronomic traits, yield, and changes in soil microbial community structure. The results show that, in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the agronomic effects of nitrogen following rotation combined with fertilization. Moreover, the soil pH, SOM, and nutrient status were also improved. Bryobacter, Gemmatimonas, and Rhodanobacter were the dominant bacteria. Rotation treatment increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Rhodanobacter, and fertilization treatment increased the relative abundance of Gemmatimonas. Rotation also increased the stability of the bacterial community structure and strengthened the symbiotic relationship between species. The prediction of nitrogen-related functional genes indicates that rotation increased soil ammonification and nitrification. Heterocephalacria and Mrakia were the dominant fungal genera under crop rotation. The abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia was significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen levels and crop yield. Crop rotation increased the abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia and reduced the abundance of Fusarium, but fertilization increased the abundance of Fusarium. Functional gene prediction also indicates that the relative abundance of plant pathogens was significantly reduced. This study provides a theoretical basis for soil microbial diversity and ecosystem service function in long-term soybean–maize rotation.