The use of impact rollers has increased for many decades due to its diverse advantages. However, the current lack of theoretical verification and research-based technical guidelines that can effectively describe the effect of impact rollers is probably the greatest deficiency in our ability to accurately predict the benefits of deep compaction provided by impact compaction rollers. The 3-D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted using LS-DYNA to simulate the depth of influence for various impact rollers. Results indicated that the width of the contact area between the drum and the soil primarily controls the depth of compaction. The softer the soil is, the deeper the roller sinks in the soil. Also, the wider the contact area is, the deeper the compaction depth is. Thereby, the depth of compaction is highly dependent upon the stiffness of the soil. It was found that the surface pressure controls the degree of compaction and the surface pressure of the impact rollers is higher than that of the cylindrical rollers due to the dynamic effect. However, the distribution of the pressure is significantly variable for the impact rollers than the cylindrical rollers. It was concluded that the impact rollers seem to have more potential for use in final compaction of thicker layers.

Three full-scale instrumented test slabs were constructed and tested using a heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) to evaluate the structural behavior of internally cured concrete (ICC) for use in pavements under Florida condition. Three mix designs selected from a previous laboratory testing program include the standard mixture with 0.40 water-cement ratio, the ICC with 0.32 water-cement ratio, and the ICC mixture with 0.40 water-cement ratio. Concrete samples were prepared and laboratory tests were performed to measure strength, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinkage properties. The environmental responses were measured using strain gages, thermocouples, and linear variable differential transformers instrumented in full-scale concrete slabs. A 3-D finite element model was developed and calibrated using strain data measured from the full-scale tests using the HVS. The results indicate that the ICC slabs were less susceptible to the change of environmental conditions and appear to have better potential performance based on the critical stress analysis.

This study was mainly focused on evaluating the structural benefits of a prime coat application that may positively affect pavement performance based on the pavement response measurements using Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT). Two full-scale field test sections were built using different interlayer conditions between Asphalt Concrete (AC) and base layer including prime coat and no treatment for evaluation. Strain gauges and pressure cells were instrumented for each test section to conduct pavement response measurements. Results indicate that the application of prime coat was able to significantly reduce stress and strain responses at critical locations of pavement structure by providing a structural bond between layers that result in enhanced pavement performance compared to pavement with no treatment. In addition, based on the results of relative performance estimated, it was found that pavement structures with prime coat application potentially lead to improved performance including fatigue cracking, top-down cracking and subgrade rutting compared to pavements with no treatment and pavement damage seems to be accelerated for pavement system without prime coat application. Also, the full-scale field tests conducted using APT were determined to be capable of effectively capturing the structural effect of prime coat application on change in pavement critical responses for enhanced performance of asphalt pavements with more realistic and reliable results.

Republic of Korea (ROK) military installations are scattered across South Korea, but there is a higher concentration of fortifications in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and eastern and western coastlines. These facilities range from relatively small structures, such as individual and artillery fighting positions, to large buildings, such as ammunition depots and command posts. These military installations have a significant thickness of concrete members to provide a high degree of protection against bombs and projectiles. The Korean military will carry out the integration and dismantling of these protection facilities over the next ten years through the Army transformation plan. Such large-scale construction projects have an impact on the environment in terms of the carbon footprint, because building construction and operations account for 36% of the world’s energy use and 40% of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. It is very important to reduce the concrete materials and reinforcement steel during protective structure construction near the DMZ, which is now recognized as one of the most well-preserved areas in the world. In this study, new sustainable design considerations that allow elasto-plastic or plastic design of concrete elements were evaluated using a case study of an artillery fighting position. The new sustainable design considerations were developed on the basis of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time and civil considerations (METT + TC) within the context of the current battle situation, as well as protection against near misses. From this study, it was found that new sustainable design considerations provide a reasonable degree of protection that permits good construction practices and maximum structural stability with minimum amount of materials. It was also found that if the new design procedure is used to replace 1000 artillery positions through the Army transformation plan, the CO₂ emissions can be reduced by 476,582.4 tons and the cost reduced by USD 23,829,120.

The Korean peninsula is under increasing threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) from neighboring countries; EMP protection facilities are an essential means of ensuring the operational readiness of the military. However, existing EMP protection facilities are manufactured as fixed-weight structures, which limit the mobility of military operations and lead to the misconception of EMP protection as something only required for higher command. The current military and official EMP protection standards require only a uniform shielding effectiveness of 80 dB. Therefore, this study aims to differentiate the existing uniform level of shielding effectiveness of 80 dB into 80 dB, 60 dB, 40 dB, etc. Further, it seeks to derive the factors to be considered when applying various methods, such as shielding rooms, shielding racks, site redundancy, spare equipment, and portable lightweight protective tents, for recovery of failure, instead of the existing protection facilities that rely on shielded rooms by the Delphi analysis. Then, the applicability of lightweight EMP protection is determined after selecting lightweight materials to build a facility. The electromagnetic shielding performance of 21 types of materials was measured in the 30 MHz–1.5 GHz frequency band using ASTM-D-4935-10. The results showed the possibility of developing a lightweight EMP shielding facility, which would save approximately 316,386 tons of concrete, reducing the CO₂ emissions by approximately 9,972,489 tons. Assuming that the Korean carbon transaction price is USD 50/ton CO₂, the savings are equivalent to USD 49,862,435.