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Dr. Antonio Luque-Casado
Rey Juan Carlos University

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0 Cognition
0 Exercise
0 Health
0 physical activity
0 heart rate variability (HRV)

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Exercise
Cognition
heart rate variability (HRV)
Health
physical activity

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Review
Published: 19 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Physical inactivity is a major concern and poor adherence to exercise programs is often reported. The aim of this paper was to systematically review published reviews on the study of adherence to physical exercise in chronic patients and older adults and to identify those adherence-related key factors more frequently suggested by reviews for that population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results were classified considering the target population and participants’ characteristics to identify the most repeated factors obtained for each condition. Fifty-five articles were finally included. Fourteen key factors were identified as relevant to increase adherence to physical exercise by at least ten reviews: (a) characteristics of the exercise program, (b) involvement of professionals from different disciplines, (c) supervision, (d) technology, (e) initial exploration of participant’s characteristics, barriers, and facilitators, (f) participants education, adequate expectations and knowledge about risks and benefits, (g) enjoyment and absence of unpleasant experiences, (h) integration in daily living, (i) social support and relatedness, j) communication and feedback, (k) available progress information and monitoring, (l) self-efficacy and competence, (m) participant’s active role and n) goal setting. Therefore, adherence to physical exercise is affected by several variables that can be controlled and modified by researchers and professionals.

ACS Style

Daniel Collado-Mateo; Ana Lavín-Pérez; Cecilia Peñacoba; Juan Del Coso; Marta Leyton-Román; Antonio Luque-Casado; Pablo Gasque; Miguel Fernández-Del-Olmo; Diana Amado-Alonso. Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2023 .

AMA Style

Daniel Collado-Mateo, Ana Lavín-Pérez, Cecilia Peñacoba, Juan Del Coso, Marta Leyton-Román, Antonio Luque-Casado, Pablo Gasque, Miguel Fernández-Del-Olmo, Diana Amado-Alonso. Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):2023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Collado-Mateo; Ana Lavín-Pérez; Cecilia Peñacoba; Juan Del Coso; Marta Leyton-Román; Antonio Luque-Casado; Pablo Gasque; Miguel Fernández-Del-Olmo; Diana Amado-Alonso. 2021. "Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2023.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Despite the well-established benefits of physical activity for both physical and psychological health, current inactivity prevalence continues to be particularly alarming among adolescents and youth. Equally of great concern is the existence of striking gender differences that represent a serious threat to reverse this problem. We aimed to analyze gender-related differences in self-reported physical activity and motivational regulations in a population-based sample of Spaniard adolescents and young adults (n = 9949). To this aim, we used an explanatory mixed-methods design by integrating quantitative and qualitative data using self-determination theory (SDT) as an analytic framework. Our results reported a gender imbalance in physical activity levels and autonomous forms of motivation to the detriment of adolescent girls and young women. An earlier and steeper age-related decline both in activity and volitional types of motivation was observed in girls. Qualitative outcomes depicted a range of key cognitive and contextual mechanisms undermining the degree to which physically active behaviors are volitionally undertaken among women. These findings highlight the importance of implementing gender-sensitive policy approaches and may have a useful application in suggesting how contextual factors and exercise settings can be addressed to foster volitional types of physical activity engagement in adolescent girls and young women.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Xian Mayo; Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez; Alfonso Jiménez; Fernando Del Villar. Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap? Sustainability 2021, 13, 1683 .

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, Xian Mayo, Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez, Alfonso Jiménez, Fernando Del Villar. Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Xian Mayo; Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez; Alfonso Jiménez; Fernando Del Villar. 2021. "Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap?" Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1683.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Despite that the health benefits of physical activity (PA) are clear, during the last years, a noticeable plateau or slight increase in physical inactivity levels in Spanish adolescents and young adults has been reported. In addition, there seems to be a progressive reduction of the total PA performed with age in both adolescent and young women as well as adult men. We aimed to analyze these changes with age in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a sample of Spanish adolescents and young adults within the age range of 15–24 years old (n = 7827), considering the gender and using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. For that, we implemented a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering both the gender and the age group surveyed. Generally, our findings showed a reduction in the daily MVPA performed from adolescence to young adulthood in Spaniards. Within these reductions, girls reduce their PA levels at a different age and pace in adolescence and young adulthood in comparison to boys. Though girls were less active than boys in the 15–18 year age range, these differences were no longer significant at older ages. Our results point out the necessity of implementing different policy approaches based on gender (i.e., for girls and young women), since reductions in the MVPA performed occur at particular ages and paces in comparison to boys and young men. This difference indicates that the traditional approach during adolescence and young adulthood is inadequate for tackling physical inactivity without considering the population’s gender.

ACS Style

Xian Mayo; Antonio Luque-Casado; Alfonso Jimenez; Fernando Del Villar. Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6265 .

AMA Style

Xian Mayo, Antonio Luque-Casado, Alfonso Jimenez, Fernando Del Villar. Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xian Mayo; Antonio Luque-Casado; Alfonso Jimenez; Fernando Del Villar. 2020. "Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6265.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Neuroscience
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Despite the growing interest in the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the modulation of human cognitive function, there are contradictory findings regarding the cognitive benefits of this technique. Inter-individual response variability to tDCS may play a significant role. We explored the effects of anodal versus sham tDCS over the left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) on working memory performance, taking into account the inter-individual variability. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers received an ‘offline’ anodal tDCS (1.5 mA, 15 min) to the left prefrontal cortex (F3 electrode site) in an intra-individual, cross-over, sham-controlled experimental design. n-back and Sternberg task performance was assessed before (baseline), immediately after tDCS administration (T1) and 5 min post-T1 (T2). We applied an integrative clustering approach to characterize both the group and individual responses to tDCS, as well as identifying naturally occurring subgroups that may be present within the total sample. Anodal tDCS failed to improve working memory performance in the total sample. Cluster analysis identified a subgroup of ‘responders’ who significantly improved their performance after anodal (vs. sham) stimulation, although not to a greater extent than the best baseline or sham condition. The proportion of ‘responders’ ranged from 15% to 59% across task conditions and behavioral outputs. Our findings show a high inter-individual variability of the tDCS response, suggesting that the use of tCDS may not be an effective tool to improve working memory performance in healthy subjects. We propose that the use of clustering methods is more suitable in identifying ‘responders’ and for evaluating the efficacy of this technique.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Rocío Rodríguez-Freiría; Noa Fogelson; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Miguel Fernández-Del-Olmo. An Integrative Clustering Approach to tDCS Individual Response Variability in Cognitive Performance: Beyond a Null Effect on Working Memory. Neuroscience 2020, 443, 120 -130.

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, Rocío Rodríguez-Freiría, Noa Fogelson, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, Miguel Fernández-Del-Olmo. An Integrative Clustering Approach to tDCS Individual Response Variability in Cognitive Performance: Beyond a Null Effect on Working Memory. Neuroscience. 2020; 443 ():120-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Rocío Rodríguez-Freiría; Noa Fogelson; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Miguel Fernández-Del-Olmo. 2020. "An Integrative Clustering Approach to tDCS Individual Response Variability in Cognitive Performance: Beyond a Null Effect on Working Memory." Neuroscience 443, no. : 120-130.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2020 in Physiology & Behavior
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Cardiovascular fitness has repeatedly been associated to enhanced cognitive and brain functioning, generally in the form of differences in reaction time and response accuracy, as well as in event-related potentials (ERPs) and blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging while participants performed executive demanding tasks. However, the evidence regarding potential differences in oscillatory neural activity, an inherent characteristic of brain functioning, is scarce. To fill this gap, here, we extracted and analysed (using a data-driven exploratory approach) brain oscillatory activity, both tonic (overall electroencephalographic – EEG – oscillatory activity) and transient (event related spectral perturbation [ERSP] and inter-trial coherence [ITC]), from a previous published dataset (Luque-Casado et al. 2016), where we showed different behavioural and ERP patterns during a vigilance/sustained attention task as a function of cardiovascular fitness in young adults. The ERSP results of the current study revealed increased theta (4-8 Hz) and upper beta (20-40 Hz) power and reduced lower beta (14-20 Hz) suppression after the target stimulus presentation in the higher-fit group compared to their lower-fit peers, but these differences disappeared in the second part of the task. ITC results mimicked the ERSP pattern within theta (4-8 Hz), while no differences were observed for the remaining frequency bands. Interestingly, the overall time-dependent effect in transient oscillatory activity followed the reaction time pattern of results. The analysis of the overall EEG oscillatory (tonic) dynamics did not show significant differences between groups. In sum, cardiorespiratory fitness was related to a brain oscillatory differential response pattern over a wide range of the frequency spectrum and spatio-temporal distribution, which seems to underlie the positive relationship between aerobic fitness and behavioural performance in a sustained attention task. Future studies are warranted to study the causal nature (beyond mere association) of these findings.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Luis F. Ciria; Daniel Sanabria; Pandelis Perakakis. Exercise practice associates with different brain rhythmic patterns during vigilance. Physiology & Behavior 2020, 224, 113033 .

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, Luis F. Ciria, Daniel Sanabria, Pandelis Perakakis. Exercise practice associates with different brain rhythmic patterns during vigilance. Physiology & Behavior. 2020; 224 ():113033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Luis F. Ciria; Daniel Sanabria; Pandelis Perakakis. 2020. "Exercise practice associates with different brain rhythmic patterns during vigilance." Physiology & Behavior 224, no. : 113033.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2019 in Vision Research
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This study evaluated the time-on-task effect of a sustained attention task on the accommodative response, explored the link between ocular accommodation, cardiac autonomic regulation and behavioral performance, and tested the inter-session repeatability of these results by performing the same experimental procedure on different days. The accommodative response was measured in 25 university students using a WAM-5500 autorefractor, while participants performed a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task at 50 cm. There were no time-on-task effects for the lag of accommodation, whereas the microfluctuations of accommodation and reaction time were modulated as a function of time-on-task, observing a progressive increment of both variables over time. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the microfluctuations of accommodation were a reasonably good predictor of behavioral performance. Analysis of inter-session repeatability showed that ocular accommodation, heart rate variability and reaction time had a low to moderate level of repeatability between two measurements. The microfluctuations of accommodation were sensitive to time-on-task effects during sustained attention, with a lower stability of accommodation being linked to reduced behavioral performance. The predictive capacity of the variability of accommodation for behavioral performance might be explained by the brain mechanisms shared by the ocular dynamics and attentional state; however, future studies would be required to elucidate this association. The low to moderate inter-session repeatability indicated that results in two measurement periods cannot be considered interchangeable, and therefore, the results of this study should be interpreted cautiously in this regard.

ACS Style

Beatriz Redondo; Jesús Vera; Antonio Luque-Casado; Amador García-Ramos; Raimundo Jiménez. Associations between accommodative dynamics, heart rate variability and behavioural performance during sustained attention: A test-retest study. Vision Research 2019, 163, 24 -32.

AMA Style

Beatriz Redondo, Jesús Vera, Antonio Luque-Casado, Amador García-Ramos, Raimundo Jiménez. Associations between accommodative dynamics, heart rate variability and behavioural performance during sustained attention: A test-retest study. Vision Research. 2019; 163 ():24-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Redondo; Jesús Vera; Antonio Luque-Casado; Amador García-Ramos; Raimundo Jiménez. 2019. "Associations between accommodative dynamics, heart rate variability and behavioural performance during sustained attention: A test-retest study." Vision Research 163, no. : 24-32.

Journal article
Published: 06 August 2019 in Behavioural Brain Research
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The interest in the use of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the enhancement of cognitive functioning has increased significantly in recent years. However, the efficacy of this technique remains to be established. The current study explored the effects of anodal vs. sham tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the performance of the digit span backwards task. 30 healthy participants received ‘offline’ anodal tDCS (1.5 mA, 15 min) to the left DLPFC in an intra-individual, cross-over, sham-controlled experimental design. Memory span performance was assessed before (baseline), immediately after tDCS administration (T1) and 10 min post-T1 (T2). We applied cluster analysis in order to characterize individual responses to tDCS, and in order to identify naturally occurring subgroups that may be present. Analysis of all the subjects showed that anodal tDCS failed to improve memory span performance. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of a subgroup of ‘responders’ that significantly improved their performance after anodal (vs. sham) tDCS in T1 (47%) and T2 (46%). However, there was no significant improvement in performance after anodal tDCS compared to the best baseline performance. Our findings suggest that tDCS does not improve memory span performance and highlights the need for better ways to optimize methodological approaches in order to account for inter-individual variability and accurately assess the evidential value of tDCS-linked cognitive outcomes.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Noa Fogelson; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo. Exploring the effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the prefrontal cortex on working memory: A cluster analysis approach. Behavioural Brain Research 2019, 375, 112144 .

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, Noa Fogelson, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo. Exploring the effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the prefrontal cortex on working memory: A cluster analysis approach. Behavioural Brain Research. 2019; 375 ():112144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Noa Fogelson; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo. 2019. "Exploring the effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the prefrontal cortex on working memory: A cluster analysis approach." Behavioural Brain Research 375, no. : 112144.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2019 in PeerJ
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A substantial body of work has depicted a positive association between physical exercise and cognition, although the key factors driving that link are still a matter of scientific debate. Here, we aimed to contribute further to that topic by pooling the data from seven studies (N = 361) conducted by our research group to examine whether cardiovascular fitness (VO2), sport type participation (externally-paced (e.g., football or basketball) and self-paced (e.g., triathlon or track and field athletes) vs. sedentary), or both, are crucial factors to explain the association between the regular practice of exercise and vigilance capacity. We controlled for relevant variables such as age and the method of VO2 estimation. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task was used to measure vigilance performance by means of reaction time (RT). The results showed that externally-paced sport practice (e.g., football) resulted in significantly shorter RT compared to self-paced sport (e.g., triathlon) and sedentary condition, depicting larger effects in children and adolescents than in adults. Further analyses revealed no significant effect of cardiovascular fitness and self-paced sport practice, in comparison to the sedentary condition, on RT. Our data point to the relevance of considering the type of sport practice over and above the level of cardiovascular fitness as crucial factor to explain the positive association between the regular practice of exercise and vigilance capacity.

ACS Style

Daniel Sanabria; Antonio Luque-Casado; José C. Perales; Rafael Ballester; Luis Ciria; Florentino Huertas; Pandelis Perakakis. The relationship between vigilance capacity and physical exercise: a mixed-effects multistudy analysis. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7118 .

AMA Style

Daniel Sanabria, Antonio Luque-Casado, José C. Perales, Rafael Ballester, Luis Ciria, Florentino Huertas, Pandelis Perakakis. The relationship between vigilance capacity and physical exercise: a mixed-effects multistudy analysis. PeerJ. 2019; 7 ():e7118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Sanabria; Antonio Luque-Casado; José C. Perales; Rafael Ballester; Luis Ciria; Florentino Huertas; Pandelis Perakakis. 2019. "The relationship between vigilance capacity and physical exercise: a mixed-effects multistudy analysis." PeerJ 7, no. : e7118.

Comparative study
Published: 15 May 2019 in Experimental Eye Research
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The lag of accommodative response while performing a 10-min attention task is insensitive to caffeine intake. A single dose of caffeine induces a more stable accommodative response in high caffeine consumers. Caffeine's effects on the dynamics of ocular accommodation are subject to tolerance.

ACS Style

Beatríz Redondo; Jesús Vera; Rubén Molina; Antonio Luque-Casado; Raimundo Jiménez. Caffeine alters the dynamics of ocular accommodation depending on the habitual caffeine intake. Experimental Eye Research 2019, 185, 107663 .

AMA Style

Beatríz Redondo, Jesús Vera, Rubén Molina, Antonio Luque-Casado, Raimundo Jiménez. Caffeine alters the dynamics of ocular accommodation depending on the habitual caffeine intake. Experimental Eye Research. 2019; 185 ():107663.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatríz Redondo; Jesús Vera; Rubén Molina; Antonio Luque-Casado; Raimundo Jiménez. 2019. "Caffeine alters the dynamics of ocular accommodation depending on the habitual caffeine intake." Experimental Eye Research 185, no. : 107663.

Articles
Published: 23 December 2018 in Current Eye Research
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Purpose: The present study aimed (1) to examine the impact of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols differing in exercise intensity (low-intensity and high-intensity) on the dynamic accommodative response (AR), and (2) to elucidate whether the ocular accommodation changes are associated with the function of the autonomic nervous system during stimulus processing, as measured by the heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Twenty physically active university students (9 women; age = 23.9 ± 3.3 years) were tested on three separate sessions. The lag of accommodation and the RMSSD (root-mean-square of successive R-R interval differences) parameter of HRV were obtained at the beginning and at the end of each testing session, while one of the following protocols was applied in a randomised order between the measurements: low-intensity HIIT (8 sprints with 60 seconds of rest), high-intensity HIIT (8 sprints with 30 seconds of rest), and Control (walking for 8 minutes). Results: Our data demonstrated a higher lag of accommodation after the high-intensity HIIT compared to the low-intensity HIIT (p = 0.006, d = 0.798) and control (p = 0.007, d = 0.741), but no significant differences were observed between the low-intensity HIIT protocol and control condition (p = 0.598, d = 0.12). As expected, lower HRV values were observed with higher exercise intensity, but the changes of AR and HRV were not significantly correlated (p > 0.05 in all cases). Conclusions: The present findings indicate that the acute effects of exercise on ocular accommodation depend on exercise intensity, showing that highly demanding physical effort induces a greater lag of accommodation, which may be of relevance when performing near activities after physical efforts.

ACS Style

Jesús Vera; Antonio Luque-Casado; Beatríz Redondo; David Cárdenas; Raimundo Jiménez; Amador García-Ramos. Ocular Accommodative Response is Modulated as a Function of Physical Exercise Intensity. Current Eye Research 2018, 44, 442 -450.

AMA Style

Jesús Vera, Antonio Luque-Casado, Beatríz Redondo, David Cárdenas, Raimundo Jiménez, Amador García-Ramos. Ocular Accommodative Response is Modulated as a Function of Physical Exercise Intensity. Current Eye Research. 2018; 44 (4):442-450.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús Vera; Antonio Luque-Casado; Beatríz Redondo; David Cárdenas; Raimundo Jiménez; Amador García-Ramos. 2018. "Ocular Accommodative Response is Modulated as a Function of Physical Exercise Intensity." Current Eye Research 44, no. 4: 442-450.

Original research article
Published: 10 December 2018 in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
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It is currently assumed that exposure to an artificial blue-enriched light enhances human alertness and task performance, but recent research has suggested that behavioral effects are influenced by the basal state of arousal. Here, we tested whether the effect of blue-enriched lighting on vigilance performance depends on participants’ arousal level. Twenty-four participants completed four sessions (blue-enriched vs. dim light × low vs. high arousal) at 10 pm on four consecutive days, following a repeated-measures design. Participants’ arousal was manipulated parametrically through the execution of a cycling task at two intensities (low vs. moderate), and was checked by monitoring their heart rate. On each session, distal and proximal skin temperatures were recorded as a neuroergonomic index of vigilance, while participants performed a 20-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) under either blue-enriched light or dim light conditions. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE) were used to measure subjective psychological state. The results showed that the exercise-induced manipulation of arousal produced robust alerting effects in most measures, while the lighting manipulation only attenuated subjective sleepiness and enhanced positive affect, but it did not influence behavior or physiology. Acute exposure to a blue-enriched light was practically ineffective when the arousal level was over baseline. The present research favored the use of acute physical exercise over acute exposure to blue-enriched lighting in order to boost humans’ alertness when necessary, as in work settings where maintaining optimal levels of attention is difficult (shift work, night-work, vigilance tasks) and necessary to prevent human error and accidents.

ACS Style

Antonio Barba; Francisca Padilla; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria; Ángel Correa. The Role of Exercise-Induced Arousal and Exposure to Blue-Enriched Lighting on Vigilance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2018, 12, 499 .

AMA Style

Antonio Barba, Francisca Padilla, Antonio Luque-Casado, Daniel Sanabria, Ángel Correa. The Role of Exercise-Induced Arousal and Exposure to Blue-Enriched Lighting on Vigilance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2018; 12 ():499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Barba; Francisca Padilla; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria; Ángel Correa. 2018. "The Role of Exercise-Induced Arousal and Exposure to Blue-Enriched Lighting on Vigilance." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12, no. : 499.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 22 August 2018 in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
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The aim of the present study was to test the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3−) ingestion on performance during a simulated competition on a Bicycle Motocross (BMX) track. Double-blind cross-over study. Twelve elite male BMX cyclists from the Spanish National Team (age: 19.2 ± 3.4 years; height: 174.2 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 72.4 ± 8.4 kg) ingested either NaHCO3− (0.3 g.kg−1 body weight) or placebo 90 minutes prior to exercise. The cyclists completed three races in a BMX Olympic track interspersed with 15 min of recovery. Blood samples were collected to assess the blood acid-base status. Performance, cardiorespiratory, heart rate variability (HRV) as well as subjective variables were assessed. The main effect of condition (NaHCO3− vs. placebo) was observed in pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess (p < 0.05), with a significant blood alkalosis. No changes were found in time, peak velocity and time to peak velocity for condition (p > 0.05). The HRV analysis showed a significant effect of NaHCO3− ingestion, expressed by the rMSSD30 (root mean square of the successive differences) (p < 0.001). There was no effect of condition on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, or pulmonary ventilation (p > 0.05). Finally, there was no main effect of condition for any subjective scale (p > 0.05). We present here the first field condition study to investigate the effect of bicarbonate ingestion over performance in BMX discipline. The results showed that NaHCO3−-induced alkalosis did not improve performance in a simulated BMX competition in elite BMX cyclists, althoughfuture studies should consider the effects of NaHCO3− on autonomic function as a component of recovery.

ACS Style

Ana B. Peinado; Darías Holgado; Antonio Luque-Casado; Miguel Angel Rojo-Tirado; Daniel Sanabria; Coral González; Manuel Mateo March; Cristóbal Sánchez Muñoz; Francisco J. Calderón; Mikel Zabala. Effect of induced alkalosis on performance during a field-simulated BMX cycling competition. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2018, 22, 335 -341.

AMA Style

Ana B. Peinado, Darías Holgado, Antonio Luque-Casado, Miguel Angel Rojo-Tirado, Daniel Sanabria, Coral González, Manuel Mateo March, Cristóbal Sánchez Muñoz, Francisco J. Calderón, Mikel Zabala. Effect of induced alkalosis on performance during a field-simulated BMX cycling competition. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2018; 22 (3):335-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana B. Peinado; Darías Holgado; Antonio Luque-Casado; Miguel Angel Rojo-Tirado; Daniel Sanabria; Coral González; Manuel Mateo March; Cristóbal Sánchez Muñoz; Francisco J. Calderón; Mikel Zabala. 2018. "Effect of induced alkalosis on performance during a field-simulated BMX cycling competition." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22, no. 3: 335-341.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2018 in NeuroImage
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Extant evidence suggests that acute exercise triggers a tonic power increase in the alpha frequency band at frontal locations, which has been linked to benefits in cognitive function. However, recent literature has questioned such a selective effect on a particular frequency band, indicating a rather overall power increase across the entire frequency spectrum. Moreover, the nature of task-evoked oscillatory brain activity associated to inhibitory control after exercising, and the duration of the exercise effect, are not yet clear. Here, we investigate for the first time steady state oscillatory brain activity during and following an acute bout of aerobic exercise at two different exercise intensities (moderate-to-high and light), by means of a data-driven cluster-based approach to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of exercise-induced effects on brain function without prior assumptions on any frequency range or site of interest. We also assess the transient oscillatory brain activity elicited by stimulus presentation, as well as behavioural performance, in two inhibitory control (flanker) tasks, one performed after a short delay following the physical exercise and another completed after a rest period of 15’ post-exercise to explore the time course of exercise-induced changes on brain function and cognitive performance. The results show that oscillatory brain activity increases during exercise compared to the resting state, and that this increase is higher during the moderate-to-high intensity exercise with respect to the light intensity exercise. In addition, our results show that the global pattern of increased oscillatory brain activity is not specific to any concrete surface localization in slow frequencies, while in faster frequencies this effect is located in parieto-occipital sites. Notably, the exercise-induced increase in oscillatory brain activity disappears immediately after the end of the exercise bout. Neither transient (event-related) oscillatory activity, nor behavioural performance during the flanker tasks following exercise showed significant between-intensity differences. The present findings help elucidate the effect of physical exercise on oscillatory brain activity and challenge previous research suggesting improved inhibitory control following moderate-to-high acute exercise.

ACS Style

Luis F. Ciria; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria. Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults. NeuroImage 2018, 181, 203 -210.

AMA Style

Luis F. Ciria, Pandelis Perakakis, Antonio Luque-Casado, Daniel Sanabria. Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults. NeuroImage. 2018; 181 ():203-210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis F. Ciria; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria. 2018. "Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults." NeuroImage 181, no. : 203-210.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 July 2018 in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
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EudraCT number: 2015-005056-96.

ACS Style

Darías Holgado; Thomas Zandonai; Mikel Zabala; James Hopker; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Luis Ciria; Eduardo Guerra-Hernandez; Daniel Sanabria. Tramadol effects on physical performance and sustained attention during a 20-min indoor cycling time-trial: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2018, 21, 654 -660.

AMA Style

Darías Holgado, Thomas Zandonai, Mikel Zabala, James Hopker, Pandelis Perakakis, Antonio Luque-Casado, Luis Ciria, Eduardo Guerra-Hernandez, Daniel Sanabria. Tramadol effects on physical performance and sustained attention during a 20-min indoor cycling time-trial: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2018; 21 (7):654-660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darías Holgado; Thomas Zandonai; Mikel Zabala; James Hopker; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Luis Ciria; Eduardo Guerra-Hernandez; Daniel Sanabria. 2018. "Tramadol effects on physical performance and sustained attention during a 20-min indoor cycling time-trial: A randomised controlled trial." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21, no. 7: 654-660.

Other
Published: 22 February 2018
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Extant evidence suggests that acute exercise triggers a tonic power increase in the alpha frequency band at frontal locations, which has been linked to benefits in cognitive function. However, recent literature has questioned such a selective effect on a particular frequency band, indicating a rather overall power increase across the entire frequency spectrum. Moreover, the nature of task-evoked oscillatory brain activity associated to inhibitory control after exercising, and the duration of the exercise effect, are not yet clear. Here, we investigate for the first time steady state oscillatory brain activity during and following an acute bout of aerobic exercise at two different exercise intensities (moderate-to-high and light), by means of a data-driven cluster-based approach to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of exercise-induced effects on brain function without prior assumptions on any frequency range or site of interest. We also assess the transient oscillatory brain activity elicited by stimulus presentation, as well as behavioural performance, in two inhibitory control (flanker) tasks, one performed after a short delay following the physical exercise and another completed after a rest period of 15’ post-exercise to explore the time course of exercise-induced changes on brain function and cognitive performance. The results show that oscillatory brain activity increases during exercise compared to the resting state, and that this increase is higher during the moderate-to-high intensity exercise with respect to the light intensity exercise. In addition, our results show that the global pattern of increased oscillatory brain activity is not specific to any concrete surface localization in slow frequencies, while in faster frequencies this effect is located in parieto-occipital sites. Notably, the exercise-induced increase in oscillatory brain activity disappears immediately after the end of the exercise bout. Neither transient (event-related) oscillatory activity, nor behavioral performance during the flanker tasks following exercise showed significant between-intensity differences. The present findings help elucidate the effect of physical exercise on oscillatory brain activity and challenge previous research suggesting improved inhibitory control following moderate-to-high acute exercise.

ACS Style

Luis F. Ciria; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria. Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults. 2018, 268995 .

AMA Style

Luis F. Ciria, Pandelis Perakakis, Antonio Luque-Casado, Daniel Sanabria. Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults. . 2018; ():268995.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis F. Ciria; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria. 2018. "Physical exercise increases overall brain oscillatory activity but does not influence inhibitory control in young adults." , no. : 268995.

Preprint
Published: 11 October 2017
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The physiological changes that occur in the main body systems and organs during physical exercise are well described in the literature. Despite the key role of brain in processing afferent and efferent information from organ systems to coordinate and optimize their functioning, little is known about how the brain works during exercise. The present study investigated tonic and transient oscillatory brain activity during a single bout of aerobic exercise. Twenty young males (19-32 years old) were recruited for two experimental sessions on separate days. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded during a session of cycling at 80% (moderate-to-high intensity) of VO2max (maximum aerobic capacity) while performing an oddball task where participants had to detect infrequent targets presented among frequent non-targets. This was compared to a (baseline) light intensity session (30% VO2max). The light intensity session was included to control for any potential effect of dual-tasking (i.e., pedaling and performing the oddball task). A warm-up and cool down periods were completed before and after exercise, respectively. A cluster-based nonparametric permutations test showed an increase in power across the entire frequency spectrum during the moderate-to-high intensity exercise, with respect to light intensity. Further, we found that the more salient target lead to lower increase in (stimulus-evoked) theta power in the 80% VO2max with respect to the light intensity condition. On the contrary, higher decrease alpha and lower beta power was found for standard trials in the moderate-to-high exercise condition than in the light exercise condition. The present study unveils, for the first time, a complex brain activity pattern during acute exercise (at 80% of maximum aerobic capacity). These findings might help to elucidate the nature of changes that occur in the brain during physical exertion.

ACS Style

Luis F. Ciria; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria; Darias Holgado; Plamen Ch. Ivanov; Pandelis Perakakis. Tonic and transient oscillatory brain activity during acute exercise. 2017, 201749 .

AMA Style

Luis F. Ciria, Antonio Luque-Casado, Daniel Sanabria, Darias Holgado, Plamen Ch. Ivanov, Pandelis Perakakis. Tonic and transient oscillatory brain activity during acute exercise. . 2017; ():201749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis F. Ciria; Antonio Luque-Casado; Daniel Sanabria; Darias Holgado; Plamen Ch. Ivanov; Pandelis Perakakis. 2017. "Tonic and transient oscillatory brain activity during acute exercise." , no. : 201749.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2017 in PeerJ
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BackgroundA growing set of studies has shown a positive relationship between aerobic fitness and a broad array of cognitive functions. However, few studies have focused on sustained attention, which has been considered a fundamental cognitive process that underlies most everyday activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aerobic fitness as a key factor in sustained attention capacities in young adults.MethodsForty-four young adults (18–23 years) were divided into two groups as a function of the level of aerobic fitness (high-fit and low-fit). Participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and an oddball task where they had to detect infrequent targets presented among frequent non-targets.ResultsThe analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed faster responses for the high-fit group than for the low-fit group in the PVT, replicating previous accounts. In the oddball task, the high-fit group maintained their accuracy (ACC) rate of target detection over time, while the low-fit group suffered a significant decline of response ACC throughout the task.DiscussionImportantly, the results show that the greater sustained attention capacity of high-fit young adults is not specific to a reaction time (RT) sustained attention task like the PVT, but it is also evident in an ACC oddball task. In sum, the present findings point to the important role of aerobic fitness on sustained attention capacities in young adults.

ACS Style

Luis F. Ciria; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Cristina Morato; Daniel Sanabria. The relationship between sustained attention and aerobic fitness in a group of young adults. PeerJ 2017, 5, e3831 .

AMA Style

Luis F. Ciria, Pandelis Perakakis, Antonio Luque-Casado, Cristina Morato, Daniel Sanabria. The relationship between sustained attention and aerobic fitness in a group of young adults. PeerJ. 2017; 5 ():e3831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis F. Ciria; Pandelis Perakakis; Antonio Luque-Casado; Cristina Morato; Daniel Sanabria. 2017. "The relationship between sustained attention and aerobic fitness in a group of young adults." PeerJ 5, no. : e3831.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2016 in Scientific Reports
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Maintaining vigilance over long periods of time is especially critical in performing fundamental everyday activities and highly responsible professional tasks (e.g., driving, performing surgery or piloting). Here, we investigated the role of aerobic fitness as a crucial factor related to the vigilance capacity. To this end, two groups of young adult participants (high-fit and low-fit) were compared in terms of reaction time (RT) performance and event-related heart rate responses in a 60′ version of the psychomotor vigilance task. The results showed shorter RTs in high-fit participants, but only during the first 24′ of the task. Crucially, this period of improved performance was accompanied by a decelerative cardiac response pattern present only in the high-fit group that also disappeared after the first 24′. In conclusion, high aerobic fitness was related to a pattern of transient autonomic responses suggestive of an attentive preparatory state that coincided with improved behavioural performance, and that was sustained for 24′. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the role of the autonomic nervous system reactivity in the relationship between fitness and cognition in general, and sustained attention in particular.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Pandelis Perakakis; Luis Ciria; Daniel Sanabria. Transient autonomic responses during sustained attention in high and low fit young adults. Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 27556 .

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, Pandelis Perakakis, Luis Ciria, Daniel Sanabria. Transient autonomic responses during sustained attention in high and low fit young adults. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6 (1):27556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Pandelis Perakakis; Luis Ciria; Daniel Sanabria. 2016. "Transient autonomic responses during sustained attention in high and low fit young adults." Scientific Reports 6, no. 1: 27556.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2016 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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Purpose We investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness and sustained attention capacity by comparing task performance and brain function, by means of event-related potentials (ERP), in high- and low-fit young adults. Methods Two groups of participants (22 higher-fit and 20 lower-fit) completed a 60-min version of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). Behavioral (i.e., reaction time) and electrophysiological (ERP) (i.e., contingent negative variation and P3) were obtained and analyzed as a function of time-on-task. A submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test confirmed the between-groups difference in terms of aerobic fitness. Results The results revealed shorter reaction time in higher-fit than in lower-fit participants in the first 36 min of the task. This was accompanied by larger contingent negative variation amplitude in the same period of the task in higher-fit than in lower-fit group. Crucially, higher-fit participants maintained larger P3 amplitude throughout the task compared to lower-fit, who showed a reduction in the P3 magnitude over time. Conclusions Higher fitness was related to neuroelectric activity suggestive of better overall sustained attention demonstrating a better ability to allocate attentional resources over time. Moreover, higher fitness was related to enhanced response preparation in the first part of the task. Taken together, the current data set demonstrated a positive association between aerobic fitness, sustained attention, and response preparation.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Pandelis Perakakis; Charles H. Hillman; Shih-Chun Kao; Francesc Llorens; Pedro Guerra; Daniel Sanabria. Differences in Sustained Attention Capacity as a Function of Aerobic Fitness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2016, 48, 887 -895.

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, Pandelis Perakakis, Charles H. Hillman, Shih-Chun Kao, Francesc Llorens, Pedro Guerra, Daniel Sanabria. Differences in Sustained Attention Capacity as a Function of Aerobic Fitness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2016; 48 (5):887-895.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; Pandelis Perakakis; Charles H. Hillman; Shih-Chun Kao; Francesc Llorens; Pedro Guerra; Daniel Sanabria. 2016. "Differences in Sustained Attention Capacity as a Function of Aerobic Fitness." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48, no. 5: 887-895.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Biological Psychology
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This study investigated variations in heart rate variability (HRV) as a function of cognitive demands. Participants completed an execution condition including the psychomotor vigilance task, a working memory task and a duration discrimination task. The control condition consisted of oddball versions (participants had to detect the rare event) of the tasks from the execution condition, designed to control for the effect of the task parameters (stimulus duration and stimulus rate) on HRV. The NASA-TLX questionnaire was used as a subjective measure of cognitive workload across tasks and conditions. Three major findings emerged from this study. First, HRV varied as a function of task demands (with the lowest values in the working memory task). Second, and crucially, we found similar HRV values when comparing each of the tasks with its oddball control equivalent, and a significant decrement in HRV as a function of time-on-task. Finally, the NASA-TLX results showed larger cognitive workload in the execution condition than in the oddball control condition, and scores variations as a function of task. Taken together, our results suggest that HRV is highly sensitive to overall demands of sustained attention over and above the influence of other cognitive processes suggested by previous literature. In addition, our study highlights a potential dissociation between objective and subjective measures of mental workload, with important implications in applied settings.

ACS Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; José C. Perales; David Cárdenas; Daniel Sanabria. Heart rate variability and cognitive processing: The autonomic response to task demands. Biological Psychology 2016, 113, 83 -90.

AMA Style

Antonio Luque-Casado, José C. Perales, David Cárdenas, Daniel Sanabria. Heart rate variability and cognitive processing: The autonomic response to task demands. Biological Psychology. 2016; 113 ():83-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Luque-Casado; José C. Perales; David Cárdenas; Daniel Sanabria. 2016. "Heart rate variability and cognitive processing: The autonomic response to task demands." Biological Psychology 113, no. : 83-90.