It is necessary to determine which variables help prevent the presence of decline or deterioration during the aging process as a function of advancing age. This research analyses the relations between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive impairment in 300 individuals. It also aims to confirm the influence of different variables (gender, age, level of studies and institutionalization) in CR and in deterioration in a population of older adults. The results indicate that people with higher CR present less deterioration. Regarding the role of the sociodemographic variables in the level of deterioration and CR, there are no differences between men and women, but there are differences in the variables age, level of studies and institutionalization, in such a way that the older age the greater the cognitive deterioration, the higher the level of studies, the more RC and less deterioration and it was found that the non-institutionalized people present less deterioration and greater CR. It is affirmed that two people with similar clinical characteristics may present different levels of pathology, being the CR the explanation of this fact. The results obtained allow us to affirm that the measurement of CR is considered an essential variable for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Introduction: We study from a multidimensional perspective the different factors that help prevent the development of cognitive impairment in old aging.Methods: This study analyzed in 300 elderly subjects the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), physical reserve (PR) and motivational reserve (MR) with cognitive impairment. This study also takes into consideration different variables (sex, age, educational level, and institutionalization) that might affect the results in the different types of reserves (CR, physical and MR) and cognitive impairment.Results: The results show that people with a higher cognitive reserve, physical reserve and motivational reserve have less cognitive impairment.Discussion: Therefore, it is important to consider measuring the CR as a variable to diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses but it is also essential to consider the physical state and physical activity, as well as the motivational dimension. With the cognitive reserve and sex variables no significant differences were observed. Age had a negative effect on strategic flexibility, but those with higher CR had better cognitive flexibility and the educational.

Background. Attentional processes and executive functions have been essential elements in the study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research aims to validate Ríos Lago and Muñoz-Céspedes (2004) factorial model of attention in ADHD and to investigate the attentional and executive alterations that occur in ADHD according to this model. Method. A total of 40 participants, aged between 7 and 16 years, took part in the study. The sample included 20 ADHD patients and 20 control subjects who participated as volunteers. Results. The factors identified through principal component analysis accounted for 78.81% of the variance in the data. Four factors were found, consistent with Ríos Lago and Muñoz-Céspedes’ model, based on the factor loadings and following neuropsychological criteria. Conclusions. The results supported the replicability of the proposed attentional model in ADHD. They demonstrated the presence of specific alterations in individuals with ADHD, as predicted by the model.