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The current Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shows similar pathology to MERS and SARS-CoV, with a current estimated fatality rate of 1.4%. Open reading frame 10 (ORF10) is a unique SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein, which contains eleven cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes each of nine amino acids in length. Twenty-two unique SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 variants have been identified based on missense mutations found in sequence databases. Some of these mutations are predicted to decrease the stability of ORF10 in silico physicochemical and structural comparative analyses were carried out on SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV ORF10 proteins, which share 97.37% amino acid (aa) homology. Though there is a high degree of ORF10 protein similarity of SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV, there are differences of these two ORF10 proteins related to their sub-structure (loop/coil region), solubility, antigenicity and shift from strand to coil at aa position 26 (tyrosine). SARS-CoV-2 ORF10, which is apparently expressed in vivo since reactive T cell clones are found in convalescent patients should be monitored for changes which could correlate with the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Sk. Sarif Hassan; Diksha Attrish; Shinjini Ghosh; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N. Uversky; Alaa A.A. Aljabali; Kenneth Lundstrom; Bruce D. Uhal; Nima Rezaei; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Antonio Soares; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Amos Lal; Giorgio Palù; Kazuo Takayama; Ángel Serrano-Aroca; Debmalya Barh; Adam M. Brufsky. Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-CoV-2. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2021, 181, 801 -809.
AMA StyleSk. Sarif Hassan, Diksha Attrish, Shinjini Ghosh, Pabitra Pal Choudhury, Vladimir N. Uversky, Alaa A.A. Aljabali, Kenneth Lundstrom, Bruce D. Uhal, Nima Rezaei, Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi, Antonio Soares, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Ramesh Kandimalla, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Samendra P. Sherchan, Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz, Amos Lal, Giorgio Palù, Kazuo Takayama, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Debmalya Barh, Adam M. Brufsky. Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-CoV-2. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 181 ():801-809.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSk. Sarif Hassan; Diksha Attrish; Shinjini Ghosh; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N. Uversky; Alaa A.A. Aljabali; Kenneth Lundstrom; Bruce D. Uhal; Nima Rezaei; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Antonio Soares; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Amos Lal; Giorgio Palù; Kazuo Takayama; Ángel Serrano-Aroca; Debmalya Barh; Adam M. Brufsky. 2021. "Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-CoV-2." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 181, no. : 801-809.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is engendering the severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the three sub-domains viz. amino acids (aa) 22–42, aa 79–84, and aa 330–393 of ACE2 on human cells to initiate entry. It was reported earlier that the receptor utilization capacity of ACE2 proteins from different species, such as cats, chimpanzees, dogs, and cattle, are different. A comprehensive analysis of ACE2 receptors of nineteen species was carried out in this study, and the findings propose a possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission flow across these nineteen species.
Sk. Sarif Hassan; Shinjini Ghosh; Diksha Attrish; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Bruce D. Uhal; Kenneth Lundstrom; Nima Rezaei; Vladimir N. Uversky; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Antonio Soares; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Kazuo Takayama; Ángel Serrano-Aroca; Gaurav Chauhan; Giorgio Palu; Adam M. Brufsky. Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features. Molecules 2020, 25, 5906 .
AMA StyleSk. Sarif Hassan, Shinjini Ghosh, Diksha Attrish, Pabitra Pal Choudhury, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Bruce D. Uhal, Kenneth Lundstrom, Nima Rezaei, Vladimir N. Uversky, Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi, Antonio Soares, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Ramesh Kandimalla, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Samendra P. Sherchan, Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz, Kazuo Takayama, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Gaurav Chauhan, Giorgio Palu, Adam M. Brufsky. Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features. Molecules. 2020; 25 (24):5906.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSk. Sarif Hassan; Shinjini Ghosh; Diksha Attrish; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Bruce D. Uhal; Kenneth Lundstrom; Nima Rezaei; Vladimir N. Uversky; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Antonio Soares; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Kazuo Takayama; Ángel Serrano-Aroca; Gaurav Chauhan; Giorgio Palu; Adam M. Brufsky. 2020. "Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features." Molecules 25, no. 24: 5906.
The origin of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic has not yet been fully determined. Despite the consensus about the SARS-CoV-2 origin from bat CoV RaTG13, discrepancy to host tropism to other human Coronaviruses exist. SARS-CoV-2 also possesses some differences in its S protein receptor-binding domain, glycan-binding N-terminal domain and the surface of the sialic acid-binding domain. Despite similarities based on cryo-EM and biochemical studies, the SARS-CoV-2 shows higher stability and binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 does not appear to present a mutational “hot spot” as only the D614G mutation has been identified from clinical isolates. As laboratory manipulation is highly unlikely for the origin of SARS-CoV-2, the current possibilities comprise either natural selection in animal host before zoonotic transfer or natural selection in humans following zoonotic transfer. In the former case, despite SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 showing 96% identity some pangolin Coronaviruses exhibit very high similarity to particularly the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. In the latter case, it can be hypothesized that the SARS-CoV-2 genome has adapted during human-to-human transmission and based on available data, the isolated SARS-CoV-2 genomes derive from a common origin. Before the origin of SARS-CoV-2 can be confirmed additional research is required
Kenneth Lundstrom; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Sk. Sarif Hassan; Antonio Soares; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N. Uversky; Samendra P. Sherchan; Bruce D. Uhal; Nima Rezaei; Adam M. Brufsky. The Importance of Research on the Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020, 12, 1203 .
AMA StyleKenneth Lundstrom, Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Sk. Sarif Hassan, Antonio Soares, Ramesh Kandimalla, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Pabitra Pal Choudhury, Vladimir N. Uversky, Samendra P. Sherchan, Bruce D. Uhal, Nima Rezaei, Adam M. Brufsky. The Importance of Research on the Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKenneth Lundstrom; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Sk. Sarif Hassan; Antonio Soares; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza M. Tambuwala; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N. Uversky; Samendra P. Sherchan; Bruce D. Uhal; Nima Rezaei; Adam M. Brufsky. 2020. "The Importance of Research on the Origin of SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1203.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is engendering the severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the three sub-domains viz. amino acids (aa) 22-42, aa 79-84, and aa 330-393 of ACE2 on human cells to initiate entry. It was reported earlier that the receptor utilization capacity of ACE2 proteins from different species, such as cats, chimpanzees, dogs, and cattle, are different. A comprehensive analysis of ACE2 receptors of nineteen species was carried out in this study, and the findings propose a possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission flow across these nineteen species.
Sk. Sarif Hassan; Shinjini Ghosh; Diksha Attrish; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N Uversky; Bruce Uhal; Kenneth Lundstrom; Nima Rezaei; Alaa A.A Aljabali; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Antonio Soares; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza Tambuwala; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Kazuo Takayama; Angel Serrano-Aroca; Gaurav Chauhan; Giorgio Palu; Adam Brufsky. Possible transmission flow of SARS-CoV-2 based on ACE2 features. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSk. Sarif Hassan, Shinjini Ghosh, Diksha Attrish, Pabitra Pal Choudhury, Vladimir N Uversky, Bruce Uhal, Kenneth Lundstrom, Nima Rezaei, Alaa A.A Aljabali, Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi, Antonio Soares, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Ramesh Kandimalla, Murtaza Tambuwala, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Samendra P. Sherchan, Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz, Kazuo Takayama, Angel Serrano-Aroca, Gaurav Chauhan, Giorgio Palu, Adam Brufsky. Possible transmission flow of SARS-CoV-2 based on ACE2 features. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSk. Sarif Hassan; Shinjini Ghosh; Diksha Attrish; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N Uversky; Bruce Uhal; Kenneth Lundstrom; Nima Rezaei; Alaa A.A Aljabali; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Antonio Soares; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza Tambuwala; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Kazuo Takayama; Angel Serrano-Aroca; Gaurav Chauhan; Giorgio Palu; Adam Brufsky. 2020. "Possible transmission flow of SARS-CoV-2 based on ACE2 features." , no. : 1.
The global public health is endangered due to COVID-19 pandemic, which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite having similar pathology to MERS and SARS-CoV, the infection fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is likely lower than 1%. SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to be uniquely characterized by the accessory protein ORF10, which contains eleven cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of nine amino acids length each, across various human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes. In this study, all missense mutations found in sequence databases were examined across twnety-two unique SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 variants that could possibly alter viral pathogenicity. Some of these mutations decrease the stability of ORF10, e.g. I4L and V6I were found in the MoRF region of ORF10 which may also possibly contribute to Intrinsic protein disorder. Furthermore, a physicochemical and structural comparative analysis was carried out on SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV ORF10 proteins, which share 97.37% amino acid homology. The high degree of physicochemical and structural similarity of ORF10 proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV open questions about the architecture of SARS-CoV-2 due to the disagreement of these two ORF10 proteins over their sub-structure (loop/coil region), solubility, antigenicity and change from the strand to coil at amino acid position 26, where tyrosine is present. Altogether, SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 is a promising pharmaceutical target and a protein which should be monitored for changes which correlate to change pathogenesis and clinical course of COVID-19 infection.
Sk. Sarif Hassan; Diksha Attrish; Shinjini Ghosh; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N. Uversky; Bruce D. Uhal; Kenneth Lundstrom; Nima Rezaei; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Antonio Soares; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza Tambuwala; Amos Lal; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Giorgio Palù; Adam M. Brufsky. Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-COV-2. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSk. Sarif Hassan, Diksha Attrish, Shinjini Ghosh, Pabitra Pal Choudhury, Vladimir N. Uversky, Bruce D. Uhal, Kenneth Lundstrom, Nima Rezaei, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Antonio Soares, Ramesh Kandimalla, Murtaza Tambuwala, Amos Lal, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Samendra P. Sherchan, Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz, Giorgio Palù, Adam M. Brufsky. Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-COV-2. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSk. Sarif Hassan; Diksha Attrish; Shinjini Ghosh; Pabitra Pal Choudhury; Vladimir N. Uversky; Bruce D. Uhal; Kenneth Lundstrom; Nima Rezaei; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Antonio Soares; Ramesh Kandimalla; Murtaza Tambuwala; Amos Lal; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Giorgio Palù; Adam M. Brufsky. 2020. "Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-COV-2." , no. : 1.
Immune evasion is one of the unique characteristics of COVID-19 attributed to the ORF8 protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This protein is involved in modulating the host adaptive immunity through downregulating MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules and innate immune responses by surpassing the interferon mediated antiviral response of the host. To understand the immune perspective of the host with respect to the ORF8 protein, a comprehensive study of the ORF8 protein as well as mutations possessed by it, is performed. Chemical and structural properties of ORF8 proteins from different hosts, that is human, bat and pangolin, suggests that the ORF8 of SARS-CoV-2 and Bat RaTG13-CoV are very much closer related than that of Pangolin-CoV. Eighty-seven mutations across unique variants of ORF8 (SARS-CoV-2) are grouped into four classes based on their predicted effects. Based on geolocations and timescale of collection, a possible flow of mutations was built. Furthermore, conclusive flows of amalgamation of mutations were endorsed upon sequence similarity and amino acid conservation phylogenies. Therefore, this study seeks to highlight the uniqueness of rapid evolving SARS-CoV-2 through the ORF8.
Sk. Sarif Hassan; Shinjini Ghosh; Diksha Attrish; Pabirtra Pal Choudhury; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Tarek Muhammed Abd El Aziz; Antonio Soares; Ramesh Kandimalla; Kenneth Lundstrom; Murtaza Tambuwala; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Amos Lal; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Vladimir N. Uversky; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Bruce D. Uhal; Nima Rezaei; Adam M. Brufsky. A unique view of SARS-CoV-2 through the lens of ORF8 protein. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSk. Sarif Hassan, Shinjini Ghosh, Diksha Attrish, Pabirtra Pal Choudhury, Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi, Tarek Muhammed Abd El Aziz, Antonio Soares, Ramesh Kandimalla, Kenneth Lundstrom, Murtaza Tambuwala, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Amos Lal, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Vladimir N. Uversky, Samendra P. Sherchan, Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz, Bruce D. Uhal, Nima Rezaei, Adam M. Brufsky. A unique view of SARS-CoV-2 through the lens of ORF8 protein. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSk. Sarif Hassan; Shinjini Ghosh; Diksha Attrish; Pabirtra Pal Choudhury; Murat Seyran; Damiano Pizzol; Parise Adadi; Tarek Muhammed Abd El Aziz; Antonio Soares; Ramesh Kandimalla; Kenneth Lundstrom; Murtaza Tambuwala; Alaa A. A. Aljabali; Amos Lal; Gajendra Kumar Azad; Vladimir N. Uversky; Samendra P. Sherchan; Wagner Baetas-Da-Cruz; Bruce D. Uhal; Nima Rezaei; Adam M. Brufsky. 2020. "A unique view of SARS-CoV-2 through the lens of ORF8 protein." , no. : 1.
Cisplatin (CDDP) is an important anticancer drug. A common side effect of CDDP is renal salt and water-wasting syndrome (RSWS). The origin of RSWS is obscure. Emerging evidence, though, suggests that broad inhibition of sodium transport proteins by CDDP may result in decreases in tubular reabsorption, causing increases in sodium and water excretion. In this sense, CDDP would be acting like a diuretic. The effect of CDDP on the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), which is the final arbiter fine-tuning renal Na+ excretion, is unknown. We test here whether CDDP affects ENaC to promote renal salt and water excretion. The effects of CDDP and benzamil (BZM), a blocker of ENaC, on excretion of a sodium load were quantified. Similar to BZM, CDDP facilitated renal Na+ excretion. To directly quantify the effects on ENaC, principal cells in split-open tubules were patch clamped. CDDP, at doses comparable to those used for chemotherapy (1.5 µM), significantly decreased ENaC activity in native tubules. To further elaborate on this mechanism, the dose-dependent effects of CDDP on mouse ENaC (mENaC) heterologously expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were tested using patch clamping. As in native tubules, CDDP significantly decreased the activity of mENaC expressed in CHO cells. Dose–response curves and competition with amiloride identified CDDP as a weak inhibitor of ENaC (apparent IC50 = 1 µM) that competes with amiloride for inhibition of the channel, weakening the inhibitory actions of the latter. Such observations are consistent with CDDP being a partial modulator of ENaC, which possibly has a binding site that overlaps with that of amiloride. These findings are consistent with inhibition of ENaC by CDDP contributing to the RSWS caused by this important chemotherapy drug.
Antonio G. Soares; Elena Mironova; Crystal R. Archer; Jorge Contreras; James D. Stockand; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz. Cisplatin Decreases ENaC Activity Contributing to Renal Salt Wasting Syndrome. Cancers 2020, 12, 2140 .
AMA StyleAntonio G. Soares, Elena Mironova, Crystal R. Archer, Jorge Contreras, James D. Stockand, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz. Cisplatin Decreases ENaC Activity Contributing to Renal Salt Wasting Syndrome. Cancers. 2020; 12 (8):2140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio G. Soares; Elena Mironova; Crystal R. Archer; Jorge Contreras; James D. Stockand; Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz. 2020. "Cisplatin Decreases ENaC Activity Contributing to Renal Salt Wasting Syndrome." Cancers 12, no. 8: 2140.
Extensive literature regarding the health side effects of ambient pollutants (AP) are available, such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), but limited studies are available on their electrophilic contaminant 1,2-Naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), enzymatically derived from naphthalene. This review summarizes relevant toxicologic and biological properties of 1,2-NQ as an environmental pollutant or to a lesser degree as a backbone in drug development to treat infectious diseases. It presents evidence of 1,2-NQ-mediated genotoxicity, neurogenic inflammation, and cytotoxicity due to several mechanistic properties, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that promote cell damage, carcinogenesis, and cell death. Many signal transduction pathways act as a vulnerable target for 1,2-NQ, including kappaB kinase b (IKKbeta) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Antioxidant molecules act in defense against ROS/RNS-mediated 1,2-NQ responses to injury. Nonetheless, its inhibitory effects at PTP1B, altering the insulin signaling pathway, represents a new therapeutic target to treat diabetes type 2. Questions exist whether exposure to 1,2-NQ may promote arylation of the Keap1 factor, a negative regulator of Nrf2, as well as acting on the sepiapterin reductase activity, an NADPH-dependent enzyme which catalyzes the formation of critical cofactors in aromatic amino acid metabolism and nitric oxide biosynthesis. Exposure to 1,2-NQ is linked to neurologic, behavioral, and developmental disturbances as well as increased susceptibility to asthma. Limited new knowledge exists on molecular modeling of quinones molecules as antitumoral and anti-microorganism agents. Altogether, these studies suggest that 1,2-NQ and its intermediate compounds can initiate a number of pathological pathways as AP in living organisms but it can be used to better understand molecular pathways.
Antonio G. Soares; Marcelo Muscara; Soraia K. P. Costa. Molecular mechanism and health effects of 1,2-Naphtoquinone. 2020, 19, 707 -717.
AMA StyleAntonio G. Soares, Marcelo Muscara, Soraia K. P. Costa. Molecular mechanism and health effects of 1,2-Naphtoquinone. . 2020; 19 ():707-717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio G. Soares; Marcelo Muscara; Soraia K. P. Costa. 2020. "Molecular mechanism and health effects of 1,2-Naphtoquinone." 19, no. : 707-717.
Animal venoms are used as defense mechanisms or to immobilize and digest prey. In fact, venoms are complex mixtures of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components with specific pathophysiological functions. Peptide toxins isolated from animal venoms target mainly ion channels, membrane receptors and components of the hemostatic system with high selectivity and affinity. The present review shows an up-to-date survey on the pharmacology of snake-venom bioactive components and evaluates their therapeutic perspectives against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Snake venoms have also been used as medical tools for thousands of years especially in tradition Chinese medicine. Consequently, snake venoms can be considered as mini-drug libraries in which each drug is pharmacologically active. However, less than 0.01% of these toxins have been identified and characterized. For instance, Captopril® (Enalapril), Integrilin® (Eptifibatide) and Aggrastat® (Tirofiban) are drugs based on snake venoms, which have been approved by the FDA. In addition to these approved drugs, many other snake venom components are now involved in preclinical or clinical trials for a variety of therapeutic applications. These examples show that snake venoms can be a valuable source of new principle components in drug discovery.
Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Antonio Garcia Soares; James D. Stockand. Snake Venoms in Drug Discovery: Valuable Therapeutic Tools for Life Saving. Toxins 2019, 11, 564 .
AMA StyleTarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Antonio Garcia Soares, James D. Stockand. Snake Venoms in Drug Discovery: Valuable Therapeutic Tools for Life Saving. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz; Antonio Garcia Soares; James D. Stockand. 2019. "Snake Venoms in Drug Discovery: Valuable Therapeutic Tools for Life Saving." Toxins 11, no. 10: 564.