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Prof. Dr. Frank Dunshea
School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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0 Antioxidants
0 Fatty Acids
0 Functional Foods
0 Nutrigenomics
0 Selenium

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Feed

Review
Published: 07 July 2021 in Animals
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The increased bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics and consumer awareness about the health and food safety concerns have triggered the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promotors (AGPs) in the poultry industry. This situation encouraged the poultry sector and industry to explore safe alternatives to AGPs and focus on developing more sustainable feed management strategies to improve the intestinal health and growth performance of poultry. Consequently, phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have emerged as natural alternatives to AGPs and have great potential in the poultry industry. In recent years, cinnamon (one of the most widely used spices) has attracted attention from researchers as a natural product with numerous health benefits for poultry. The essential oils in cinnamon, in particular, are of interest because of their antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, in addition to their ability to stimulate digestive enzymes in the gut. This review mainly emphasizes the potential impact of cinnamon as a natural feed additive on overall gut health, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical profile, gene expression, gut microbiota and immune response.

ACS Style

Akhtar Ali; Eric Ponnampalam; Gamini Pushpakumara; Jeremy Cottrell; Hafiz Suleria; Frank Dunshea. Cinnamon: A Natural Feed Additive for Poultry Health and Production—A Review. Animals 2021, 11, 2026 .

AMA Style

Akhtar Ali, Eric Ponnampalam, Gamini Pushpakumara, Jeremy Cottrell, Hafiz Suleria, Frank Dunshea. Cinnamon: A Natural Feed Additive for Poultry Health and Production—A Review. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2026.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akhtar Ali; Eric Ponnampalam; Gamini Pushpakumara; Jeremy Cottrell; Hafiz Suleria; Frank Dunshea. 2021. "Cinnamon: A Natural Feed Additive for Poultry Health and Production—A Review." Animals 11, no. 7: 2026.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2021 in Animals
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An experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate dietary concentration of albus lupins that would lower feed intake and decrease backfat while optimizing the effect on the growth rate of immunocastrated male pigs. The pigs were fed albus lupins (varying from 0 to 200 g/kg) from 2 weeks after the last immunization against GnRF for 14 d prior to slaughter (where d 0 is the day of the last immunization against GnRF). Increasing the dietary albus lupin concentration decreased daily gain for d 15 to 28 (p = 0.004). Daily feed intake also decreased as the concentration of the albus lupins increased for d 15 to 28 (p< 0.001). Carcass weight and backfat decreased as the concentration of dietary albus lupins increased (p = 0.011 and p = 0.024, respectively). The albus lupin concentration to maximize growth rate, minimize feed intake, maximize carcass weight and minimize backfat depth was 120, 142, 62.7 and 138 g/kg, respectively.

ACS Style

Karen Moore; Emalyn Loudon; Frank Dunshea. Increasing the Dietary Concentration of Lupinus albus L. Decreased Feed Intake and Daily Gain of Immunocastrated Male Pigs. Animals 2021, 11, 1866 .

AMA Style

Karen Moore, Emalyn Loudon, Frank Dunshea. Increasing the Dietary Concentration of Lupinus albus L. Decreased Feed Intake and Daily Gain of Immunocastrated Male Pigs. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):1866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karen Moore; Emalyn Loudon; Frank Dunshea. 2021. "Increasing the Dietary Concentration of Lupinus albus L. Decreased Feed Intake and Daily Gain of Immunocastrated Male Pigs." Animals 11, no. 7: 1866.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Antioxidants
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Chicory and lucerne are used as specialised forages in sheep or dairy production systems in some parts of the world. Recently, these plants are gaining attention as raw materials in the search for natural antioxidants for use in animal feeds, human foods and nutraceutical formulations. The antioxidant potential of these plants is credited to polyphenols, a subgroup of phytochemicals. Therefore, phenolic characterisation is an essential step before their use as ingredients in animal feeds, human food or nutraceutical preparations. In this study, we performed qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols in chicory and lucerne. Profiling of polyphenols from chicory and lucerne was performed by LC-ESI/QTOF-MS with a total of 80 phenolic compounds identified in chicory and lucerne. The quantification of polyphenols was achieved by high performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a photo diode array (HPLC-PDA). Chicoric acid was the major phenolic acid found in chicory, with the highest concentration (1692.33 ± 0.04 µg/g DW) among all the polyphenols quantified in this study. 2-hydroxybenzoic acid was the major phenolic acid found in lucerne, with the highest concentration of 1440.64 ± 0.04 µg/g DW. Total phenolic, flavonoids and total tannin contents were measured, and the antioxidant potential was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid, Hydroxyl (OH) Radical Scavenging Activity, Chelating Ability of Ferrous Ion (Fe2+) and Reducing Power (RPA) assays. Both chicory (8.04 ± 0.33 mg AAE/g DW) and lucerne (11.29 ± 0.25 mg AAE/g DW) showed high values for Hydroxyl (OH) Radical Scavenging Activity. The current study allowed us to draw a profile of polyphenols from chicory and lucerne. They provided a molecular fingerprint useful for the application of these plant materials in human foods, animal feeds and pharmaceutical formulations.

ACS Style

Yasir Iqbal; Eric Ponnampalam; Hafiz Suleria; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea. LC-ESI/QTOF-MS Profiling of Chicory and Lucerne Polyphenols and Their Antioxidant Activities. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 932 .

AMA Style

Yasir Iqbal, Eric Ponnampalam, Hafiz Suleria, Jeremy Cottrell, Frank Dunshea. LC-ESI/QTOF-MS Profiling of Chicory and Lucerne Polyphenols and Their Antioxidant Activities. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (6):932.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasir Iqbal; Eric Ponnampalam; Hafiz Suleria; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea. 2021. "LC-ESI/QTOF-MS Profiling of Chicory and Lucerne Polyphenols and Their Antioxidant Activities." Antioxidants 10, no. 6: 932.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Foods
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Hedonic scale testing is a well-accepted methodology for assessing consumer perceptions but is compromised by variation in voluntary responses between cultures. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) methods using emotion terms or emojis and facial expression recognition (FER) are emerging as more powerful tools for consumer sensory testing as they may offer improved assessment of voluntary and involuntary responses, respectively. Therefore, this experiment compared traditional hedonic scale responses for overall liking to (1) CATA emotions, (2) CATA emojis and (3) FER. The experiment measured voluntary and involuntary responses from 62 participants of Asian (53%) versus Western (47%) origin, who consumed six divergent yogurt formulations (Greek, drinkable, soy, coconut, berry, cookies). The hedonic scales could discriminate between yogurt formulations but could not distinguish between responses across the cultural groups. Aversive responses to formulations were the easiest to characterize for all methods; the hedonic scale was the only method that could not characterize differences in cultural preferences, with CATA emojis displaying the highest level of discrimination. In conclusion, CATA methods, particularly the use of emojis, showed improved characterization of cross-cultural preferences of yogurt formulations compared to hedonic scales and FER.

ACS Style

Mitali Gupta; Damir Torrico; Graham Hepworth; Sally Gras; Lydia Ong; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea. Differences in Hedonic Responses, Facial Expressions and Self-Reported Emotions of Consumers Using Commercial Yogurts: A Cross-Cultural Study. Foods 2021, 10, 1237 .

AMA Style

Mitali Gupta, Damir Torrico, Graham Hepworth, Sally Gras, Lydia Ong, Jeremy Cottrell, Frank Dunshea. Differences in Hedonic Responses, Facial Expressions and Self-Reported Emotions of Consumers Using Commercial Yogurts: A Cross-Cultural Study. Foods. 2021; 10 (6):1237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mitali Gupta; Damir Torrico; Graham Hepworth; Sally Gras; Lydia Ong; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea. 2021. "Differences in Hedonic Responses, Facial Expressions and Self-Reported Emotions of Consumers Using Commercial Yogurts: A Cross-Cultural Study." Foods 10, no. 6: 1237.

Review
Published: 28 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The increasing need for sustainable livestock production demands more research in the field of greenhouse gas (GHG), particularly methane (CH4), measurement and mitigation. Dietary interventions, management, and biotechnological strategies to reduce the environmental impacts and economic implications of enteric CH4 emissions are needed. While the use of biotechnological interventions and management strategies can be challenging on a routine basis, feed additive supplementation appears to be the most researched, developed, and ready to use strategy to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions. This paper discusses various recently developed feeding strategies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in livestock. Additionally, the manuscript reviews various technologies developed for CH4 estimation since the accurate and reliable estimation of CH4 emissions can be a limiting step in the development and adoption of any mitigation strategy.

ACS Style

Pragna Prathap; Surinder Chauhan; Brian Leury; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea. Towards Sustainable Livestock Production: Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6081 .

AMA Style

Pragna Prathap, Surinder Chauhan, Brian Leury, Jeremy Cottrell, Frank Dunshea. Towards Sustainable Livestock Production: Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6081.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pragna Prathap; Surinder Chauhan; Brian Leury; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea. 2021. "Towards Sustainable Livestock Production: Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6081.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Fermentation
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.), lemon (Citrus limon L.) and mint (Mentha sp.) are commonly consumed medicinal plants that have been of interest due to their health benefits and purported antioxidant capacities. This study was conducted on the premise that no previous study has been performed to elucidate the antioxidant and phenolic profile of the ginger, lemon and mint herbal tea infusion (GLMT). The aim of the study was to investigate and characterise the phenolic contents of ginger, lemon, mint and GLMT, as well as determine their antioxidant potential. Mint recorded the highest total phenolic content, TPC (14.35 ± 0.19 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-e-thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS (24.25 ± 2.18 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g) antioxidant activity. GLMT recorded the highest antioxidant activity in the reducing power assay, RPA (1.01 ± 0.04 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, •OH-RSA (0.77 ± 0.08 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g). Correlation analysis showed that phenolic content positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. Venn diagram analysis revealed that mint contained a high proportion of exclusive phenolic compounds. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) characterised a total of 73 phenolic compounds, out of which 11, 31 and 49 were found in ginger, lemon and mint respectively. These characterised phenolic compounds include phenolic acids (24), flavonoids (35), other phenolic compounds (9), lignans (4) and stilbene (1). High-performance liquid chromatography photometric diode array (HPLC-PDA) quantification showed that GLMT does contain a relatively high concentration of phenolic compounds. This study presented the phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of GLMT and its ingredients, which may increase the confidence in developing GLMT into functional food products or nutraceuticals.

ACS Style

Osbert Chou; Akhtar Ali; Vigasini Subbiah; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Characterisation of Phenolics in Herbal Tea Infusion and Their Antioxidant Potential. Fermentation 2021, 7, 73 .

AMA Style

Osbert Chou, Akhtar Ali, Vigasini Subbiah, Colin Barrow, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Characterisation of Phenolics in Herbal Tea Infusion and Their Antioxidant Potential. Fermentation. 2021; 7 (2):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Osbert Chou; Akhtar Ali; Vigasini Subbiah; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Characterisation of Phenolics in Herbal Tea Infusion and Their Antioxidant Potential." Fermentation 7, no. 2: 73.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Separations
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Custard apple is an edible fruit grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to its abundant nutrient content and perceived health benefits, it is a popular food for consumption and is utilized as a medicinal aid. Although some published research had provided the phenolic compound of custard apple, the comprehensive phenolic profiling of Australian grown custard apple is limited. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant potential by various phenolic content and antioxidant assays, followed by characterization and quantification of the phenolic profile using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-PDA. African Pride peel had the highest value in TPC (61.69 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g), TFC (0.42 ± 0.01 mg QE/g) and TTC (43.25 ± 6.70 mg CE/g), followed by Pink’s Mammoth peel (19.37 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g for TPC, 0.27 ± 0.03 mg QE/g for TFC and 10.25 ± 1.13 mg CE/g for TTC). African Pride peel also exhibited the highest antioxidant potential for TAC (43.41 ± 1.66 mg AAE/g), FRAP (3.60 ± 0.14 mg AAE/g) and ABTS (127.67 ± 4.60 mg AAE/g), whereas Pink’s Mammoth peel had the highest DPPH (16.09 ± 0.34 mg AAE/g), RPA (5.32 ± 0.14 mg AAE/g), •OH-RSA (1.23 ± 0.25 mg AAE/g) and FICA (3.17 ± 0.18 mg EDTA/g). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS experiment successfully characterized 85 phenolic compounds in total, encompassing phenolic acids (20), flavonoids (42), stilbenes (4), lignans (6) and other polyphenols (13) in all three parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of custard apple. The phenolic compounds in different portions of custard apples were quantified by HPLC-PDA, and it was shown that African Pride peel had higher concentrations of the most abundant phenolics. This is the first study to provide the comprehensive phenolic profile of Australian grown custard apples, and the results highlight that each part of custard apple can be a rich source of phenolics for the utilization of custard apple fruit and waste in the food, animal feeding and nutraceutical industries.

ACS Style

Junxi Du; Biming Zhong; Vigasini Subbiah; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolics from Custard Apple Fruit and By-Products. Separations 2021, 8, 62 .

AMA Style

Junxi Du, Biming Zhong, Vigasini Subbiah, Colin Barrow, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolics from Custard Apple Fruit and By-Products. Separations. 2021; 8 (5):62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junxi Du; Biming Zhong; Vigasini Subbiah; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolics from Custard Apple Fruit and By-Products." Separations 8, no. 5: 62.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Antioxidants
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Spices have long been used to improve food flavor, due to their appealing fragrance and sensory attributes. Nowadays, spices-based bioactives, particularly phenolic compounds, have gained attention due to their wide range of significant effects in biological systems. The present study was conducted to characterize the 12 widely used spices (allspice, black cardamom, black cumin, black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, cumin, fennel, nutmeg, star-anise, and turmeric) for their phenolics with the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2), polyphenols estimation, and their antioxidant potential. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total tannin content and their antioxidant activities were estimated in all spices. Clove and allspice had the highest value of total polyphenol content (215.14 and 40.49 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of sample), while clove and turmeric had the highest total flavonoids (5.59 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of sample) and total tannin contents (23.58 mg catechin equivalent (CE) per g of sample), respectively. On the other hand, black cumin and black pepper had the highest phosphomolybdate activity (15.61 and 15.43 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per g of sample), while clove was almost identified with highest free radical scavenging capacity. A positive correlation was observed among phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. In this quest, a total of 79 phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized by using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 including 26 phenolic acids, 33 flavonoids, 16 other polyphenols, and 4 lignans. The high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) quantification of phenolic compounds exhibited higher phenolic acids. These results provided us some valuable information that spices have powerful antioxidant potential that can be further used in human food and animal feed as a supplement for different health promoting applications.

ACS Style

Akhtar Ali; Hanjing Wu; Eric Ponnampalam; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. Comprehensive Profiling of Most Widely Used Spices for Their Phenolic Compounds through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 and Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 721 .

AMA Style

Akhtar Ali, Hanjing Wu, Eric Ponnampalam, Jeremy Cottrell, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. Comprehensive Profiling of Most Widely Used Spices for Their Phenolic Compounds through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 and Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (5):721.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akhtar Ali; Hanjing Wu; Eric Ponnampalam; Jeremy Cottrell; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "Comprehensive Profiling of Most Widely Used Spices for Their Phenolic Compounds through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 and Their Antioxidant Potential." Antioxidants 10, no. 5: 721.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2021 in Processes
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Kiwifruit hold significant nutritional value and are a good source of antioxidants due to their diverse range of bioactive compounds. Kiwifruit waste is generated throughout the food supply chain, particularly during transportation and storage. Kiwifruit rejected from the retail market due to unfavorable appearance still possess potential economic value as kiwifruit are abundant in phenolic compounds. The present work studied the phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of rejected kiwifruit, including SunGold (Actinidia chinensis), Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa), and round organic Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa). Regarding phenolics estimation, SunGold possessed the highest TPC (0.72 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), while Hayward exhibited the highest TFC (0.05 ± 0.09 mg QE/g). In antioxidant assays, SunGold showed the highest antioxidant activities in DPPH (0.31 ± 0.35 mg AAE/g), FRAP (0.48 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g), ABTS (0.69 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g), •OH-RSA (0.07 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g) assays, and FICA (0.19 ± 0.07 mg EDTA/g), whereas Hayward showed the highest RPA (0.09 ± 0.02 mg AAE/g) and TAC (0.57 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g). Separation and characterization of phenolics were conducted using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 97 phenolics were tentatively characterized from rejected SunGold (71 phenolics), Hayward (55 phenolics), and round organic Hayward (9 phenolics). Hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols were the most common phenolics characterized in the three samples. The quantitative analysis was conducted by HPLC-PDA and found that chlorogenic acid (23.98 ± 0.95 mg/g), catechin (23.24 ± 1.16 mg/g), and quercetin (24.59 ± 1.23 mg/g) were the most abundant phenolics present in the rejected kiwifruit samples. The notable presence of phenolic compounds and their corresponding antioxidant capacities indicate the potential value of rescuing rejected kiwifruit for further utilization and commercial exploitation.

ACS Style

Chen Zhu; Osbert Chou; Fung Lee; Zening Wang; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. Characterization of Phenolics in Rejected Kiwifruit and Their Antioxidant Potential. Processes 2021, 9, 781 .

AMA Style

Chen Zhu, Osbert Chou, Fung Lee, Zening Wang, Colin Barrow, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. Characterization of Phenolics in Rejected Kiwifruit and Their Antioxidant Potential. Processes. 2021; 9 (5):781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen Zhu; Osbert Chou; Fung Lee; Zening Wang; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "Characterization of Phenolics in Rejected Kiwifruit and Their Antioxidant Potential." Processes 9, no. 5: 781.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Placental insufficiency is a known consequence of maternal heat stress during gestation in farm animals. The molecular regulation of placentae during the stress response is little known in pigs. This study aims to identify differential gene expression in pig placentae caused by maternal heat exposure during early to mid-gestation. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on female placental samples from pregnant pigs exposed to thermoneutral control (CON; constant 20 °C; n = 5) or cyclic heat stress (HS; cyclic 28 to 33 °C; n = 5) conditions between d40 and d60 of gestation. On d60 of gestation, placental efficiency (fetal/placental weight) was decreased (p = 0.023) by maternal HS. A total of 169 genes were differentially expressed (FDR ≤ 0.1) between CON and HS placentae of female fetuses, of which 35 genes were upregulated and 134 genes were downregulated by maternal HS. The current data revealed transport activity (FDR = 0.027), glycoprotein biosynthetic process (FDR = 0.044), and carbohydrate metabolic process (FDR = 0.049) among the terms enriched by the downregulated genes (HS vs. CON). In addition, solute carrier (SLC)-mediated transmembrane transport (FDR = 0.008) and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis (FDR = 0.027), which modulates placental stroma synthesis, were identified among the pathways enriched by the downregulated genes. These findings provide evidence that heat-stress induced placental inefficiency may be underpinned by altered expression of genes associated with placental nutrient transport capacity and metabolism. A further understanding of the molecular mechanism contributes to the identification of placental gene signatures of summer infertility in pigs.

ACS Style

Weicheng Zhao; Fan Liu; Christina Marth; Mark Green; Hieu Le; Brian Leury; Alan Bell; Frank Dunshea; Jeremy Cottrell. Maternal Heat Stress Alters Expression of Genes Associated with Nutrient Transport Activity and Metabolism in Female Placentae from Mid-Gestating Pigs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 4147 .

AMA Style

Weicheng Zhao, Fan Liu, Christina Marth, Mark Green, Hieu Le, Brian Leury, Alan Bell, Frank Dunshea, Jeremy Cottrell. Maternal Heat Stress Alters Expression of Genes Associated with Nutrient Transport Activity and Metabolism in Female Placentae from Mid-Gestating Pigs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (8):4147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weicheng Zhao; Fan Liu; Christina Marth; Mark Green; Hieu Le; Brian Leury; Alan Bell; Frank Dunshea; Jeremy Cottrell. 2021. "Maternal Heat Stress Alters Expression of Genes Associated with Nutrient Transport Activity and Metabolism in Female Placentae from Mid-Gestating Pigs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8: 4147.

Review
Published: 04 April 2021 in Animals
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This review attempted to collate and synthesize information on goat welfare and production constraints during heat stress exposure. Among the farm animals, goats arguably are considered the best-suited animals to survive in tropical climates. Heat stress was found to negatively influence growth, milk and meat production and compromised the immune response, thereby significantly reducing goats’ welfare under extensive conditions and transportation. Although considered extremely adapted to tropical climates, their production can be compromised to cope with heat stress. Therefore, information on goat adaptation and production performance during heat exposure could help assess their welfare. Such information would be valuable as the farming communities are often struggling in their efforts to assess animal welfare, especially in tropical regions. Broadly three aspects must be considered to ensure appropriate welfare in goats, and these include (i) housing and environment; (ii) breeding and genetics and (iii) handling and transport. Apart from these, there are a few other negative welfare factors in goat rearing, which differ across the production system being followed. Such negative practices are predominant in extensive systems and include nutritional stress, limited supply of good quality water, climatic extremes, parasitic infestation and lameness, culminating in low production, reproduction and high mortality rates. Broadly two types of methodologies are available to assess welfare in goats in these systems: (i) animal-based measures include behavioral measurements, health and production records and disease symptoms; (ii) resources based and management-based measures include stocking density, manpower, housing conditions and health plans. Goat welfare could be assessed based on several indicators covering behavioral, physical, physiological and productive responses. The important indicators of goat welfare include agonistic behavior, vocalization, skin temperature, body condition score (BCS), hair coat conditions, rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, sweating, reduced growth, reduced milk production and reduced reproductive efficiency. There are also different approaches available by which the welfare of goats could be assessed, such as naturalistic, functional and subjective approaches. Thus, assessing welfare in goats at every production stage is a prerequisite for ensuring appropriate production in this all-important species to guarantee optimum returns to the marginal and subsistence farmers.

ACS Style

Veerasamy Sejian; Mullakkalparambil Silpa; Mini Reshma Nair; Chinnasamy Devaraj; Govindan Krishnan; Madiajagan Bagath; Surinder Chauhan; Rajendran Suganthi; Vinicius Fonseca; Sven König; John Gaughan; Frank Dunshea; Raghavendra Bhatta. Heat Stress and Goat Welfare: Adaptation and Production Considerations. Animals 2021, 11, 1021 .

AMA Style

Veerasamy Sejian, Mullakkalparambil Silpa, Mini Reshma Nair, Chinnasamy Devaraj, Govindan Krishnan, Madiajagan Bagath, Surinder Chauhan, Rajendran Suganthi, Vinicius Fonseca, Sven König, John Gaughan, Frank Dunshea, Raghavendra Bhatta. Heat Stress and Goat Welfare: Adaptation and Production Considerations. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veerasamy Sejian; Mullakkalparambil Silpa; Mini Reshma Nair; Chinnasamy Devaraj; Govindan Krishnan; Madiajagan Bagath; Surinder Chauhan; Rajendran Suganthi; Vinicius Fonseca; Sven König; John Gaughan; Frank Dunshea; Raghavendra Bhatta. 2021. "Heat Stress and Goat Welfare: Adaptation and Production Considerations." Animals 11, no. 4: 1021.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most widely grown and consumed fruits in the world that contain abundant phenolic compounds that possess remarkable antioxidant potential. The current study characterised phenolic compounds from five different varieties of Australian grown apples (Royal Gala, Pink Lady, Red Delicious, Fuji and Smitten) using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and quantified through HPLC-PDA. The phenolic content and antioxidant potential were determined using various assays. Red Delicious had the highest total phenolic (121.78 ± 3.45 mg/g fw) and total flavonoid content (101.23 ± 3.75 mg/g fw) among the five apple samples. In LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, a total of 97 different phenolic compounds were characterised in five apple samples, including Royal Gala (37), Pink Lady (54), Red Delicious (17), Fuji (67) and Smitten (46). In the HPLC quantification, phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid, 15.69 ± 0.09 mg/g fw) and flavonoid (quercetin, 18.96 ± 0.08 mg/g fw) were most abundant in Royal Gala. The obtained results highlight the importance of Australian apple varieties as a rich source of functional compounds with potential bioactivity.

ACS Style

Heng Li; Vigasini Subbiah; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. Phenolic Profiling of Five Different Australian Grown Apples. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2421 .

AMA Style

Heng Li, Vigasini Subbiah, Colin Barrow, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. Phenolic Profiling of Five Different Australian Grown Apples. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (5):2421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heng Li; Vigasini Subbiah; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "Phenolic Profiling of Five Different Australian Grown Apples." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5: 2421.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Animals
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carcass traits, lairage time and weather conditions during lairage and abattoir factors that impact the incidence of dark cutting in 142,228 grain-fed carcasses, as defined by Meat Standards Australia (MSA) guidelines. This study was conducted over a 12-month period analysing data from cattle that were supplied from seven feedlots and processed at three abattoirs. Abattoir data indicated that the average incidence of dark cutting within the study was 2.8%. Increased wind speeds (WSs) and rain during lairage at the abattoir was associated with an increased risk of dark cutting, whereas variation in ambient temperature and/or relative humidity did not influence dark cutting. Heavier carcasses with whiter fat, larger hump heights, more rib fat, higher marble scores and lower ossification had lower incidences of dark cutting. The factors abattoir, time in lairage, time to grading and grader within Abattoir had significant effects on the incidence of dark cutting. The results from this study suggest that reducing the time in lairage and increasing the time between slaughter and grading are the two major ways to reduce dark cutting in MSA carcasses.

ACS Style

Cameron Steel; Angela. Lees; D. Bowler; P. Gonzalez-Rivas; G. Tarr; R. Warner; F. Dunshea; Frances Cowley; P. McGilchrist. Abattoir Factors Influencing the Incidence of Dark Cutting in Australian Grain-Fed Beef. Animals 2021, 11, 474 .

AMA Style

Cameron Steel, Angela. Lees, D. Bowler, P. Gonzalez-Rivas, G. Tarr, R. Warner, F. Dunshea, Frances Cowley, P. McGilchrist. Abattoir Factors Influencing the Incidence of Dark Cutting in Australian Grain-Fed Beef. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cameron Steel; Angela. Lees; D. Bowler; P. Gonzalez-Rivas; G. Tarr; R. Warner; F. Dunshea; Frances Cowley; P. McGilchrist. 2021. "Abattoir Factors Influencing the Incidence of Dark Cutting in Australian Grain-Fed Beef." Animals 11, no. 2: 474.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Antioxidants
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Stone fruits, including peach (Prunus persica L.), nectarine (Prunus nucipersica L.), plum (Prunus domestica L.) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) are common commercial fruits in the market. However, a huge amount of stone fruits waste is produced throughout the food supply chain during picking, handling, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, retailing and final consumption. These stone fruits waste contain high phenolic content which are the main contributors to the antioxidant potential and associated health benefits. The antioxidant results showed that plum waste contained higher concentrations of total phenolic content (TPC) (0.94 ± 0.07 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.34 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g), while apricot waste contained a higher concentration of total tannin content (TTC) (0.19 ± 0.03 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g) and DPPH activity (1.47 ± 0.12 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g). However, nectarine waste had higher antioxidant capacity in ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) (0.98 ± 0.02 mg AAE/g) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (0.91 ± 0.09 mg AAE/g) assays, while peach waste showed higher antioxidant capacity in 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay (0.43 ± 0.09 mg AAE/g) as compared to other stone fruits waste. Qualitative and quantitative phenolic analysis of Australian grown stone fruits waste were conducted by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) and HPLC-photodiode array detection (PDA). The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS result indicates that 59 phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized in peach (33 compounds), nectarine (28), plum (38) and apricot (23). The HPLC-PDA indicated that p-hydroxybenzoic acid (18.64 ± 1.30 mg/g) was detected to be the most dominant phenolic acid and quercetin (19.68 ± 1.38 mg/g) was the most significant flavonoid in stone fruits waste. Hence, it could be concluded that stone fruit waste contains various phenolic compounds and have antioxidant potential. The results could support the applications of these stone fruit wastes in other food, feed, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

ACS Style

Yili Hong; Zening Wang; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. High-Throughput Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Stone Fruits Waste by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Their Potential Antioxidant Activities. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 234 .

AMA Style

Yili Hong, Zening Wang, Colin Barrow, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. High-Throughput Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Stone Fruits Waste by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Their Potential Antioxidant Activities. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (2):234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yili Hong; Zening Wang; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "High-Throughput Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Stone Fruits Waste by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Their Potential Antioxidant Activities." Antioxidants 10, no. 2: 234.

Review paper
Published: 26 January 2021 in International Journal of Biometeorology
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Heat stress is one of the greatest challenges for the global livestock industries as increased environmental temperature and humidity compromises animal production during summer leading to devastating economic consequences. Over the last 30 years, significant developments have been achieved in cooling and provision of shade and shelter to mitigate heat stress reducing some of the losses associated with heat stress in farm animals. However, the recent increase in the incidence of heat waves which are also becoming more severe and lasting longer, due to climate change, further accentuates the problem of heat stress. Economic losses associated with heat stress are both direct due to loss in production and animal life, and indirect due to poorer quality products as a result of poor animal health and welfare. Animal health is affected due to impaired immune responses and increased reactive oxygen species production and/or deficiency of antioxidants during heat stress leading to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidants and resultant oxidative stress. Research over the last 20 years has achieved partial success in understanding the intricacies of heat stress impacts on oxidative stress and immune responses and developing interventions to ameliorate impacts of heat stress, improving immune responses and farm animal health. This paper reviews the body of knowledge on heat stress impacts on immune response in farm animals. The impacts of heat stress on both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses have been discussed identifying the shift in immune response from cell-mediated towards humoral response, thereby weakening the immune status of the animal. Both species and breed differences have been identified as influencing how heat stress impacts the immune status of farm animals. In addition, crosstalk signaling between the immune system and oxidative stress has been considered and the role of antioxidants as potential nutritional strategies to mitigate heat stress has been discussed.

ACS Style

Surinder S. Chauhan; V. P. Rashamol; M. Bagath; Veerasamy Sejian; Frank R. Dunshea. Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration. International Journal of Biometeorology 2021, 65, 1231 -1244.

AMA Style

Surinder S. Chauhan, V. P. Rashamol, M. Bagath, Veerasamy Sejian, Frank R. Dunshea. Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2021; 65 (7):1231-1244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Surinder S. Chauhan; V. P. Rashamol; M. Bagath; Veerasamy Sejian; Frank R. Dunshea. 2021. "Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration." International Journal of Biometeorology 65, no. 7: 1231-1244.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in Antioxidants
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Pear (Pyrus communis L.) is widely spread throughout the temperate regions of the world, such as China, America and Australia. This fruit is popular among consumers due to its excellent taste and perceived health benefits. Various bioactive compounds, which contribute to these health benefits, have been detected in the pear fruits, including a range of phenolic compounds. Five Australian grown pear varieties, which include Packham’s Triumph, Josephine de Malines, Beurre Bosc, Winter Nelis and Rico were selected for this study to examine the phenolic compounds in pears. Beurre Bosc exhibited the highest total polyphenol content (TPC) (3.14 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g), total tannin content (TTC) (1.43 ± 0.04 mg CE/g) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (5.72 ± 0.11 mg AAE/g), while the Josephine de Malines variety was high in total flavonoid content (TFC) (1.53 ± 0.09 mg QE/g), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (4.37 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (4.44 ± 0.01 mg AAE/g) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (5.29 ± 0.09 mg AAE/g). The liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) data indicate that a total of 73 phenolic compounds were detected in Beurre Bosc (37 compounds), Josephine de Malines (34), Rico (22), Packham’s Triumph (15) and Winter Nelis (9), respectively. From HPLC-PDA quantification, the Beurre Bosc pear variety showed significantly higher in phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid; 17.58 ± 0.88 mg/g) and while flavonoids were significantly higher in Josephine de Malines (catechin; 17.45 ± 1.39 mg/g), as compared to other pear varieties. The analyses suggest that the Australian grown pears might contain an ideal source of phenolic compounds which benefit human health. The information provided by the present work can serve as practical supporting data for the use of pears in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and food industries.

ACS Style

Zening Wang; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. A Comparative Investigation on Phenolic Composition, Characterization and Antioxidant Potentials of Five Different Australian Grown Pear Varieties. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 151 .

AMA Style

Zening Wang, Colin Barrow, Frank Dunshea, Hafiz Suleria. A Comparative Investigation on Phenolic Composition, Characterization and Antioxidant Potentials of Five Different Australian Grown Pear Varieties. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (2):151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zening Wang; Colin Barrow; Frank Dunshea; Hafiz Suleria. 2021. "A Comparative Investigation on Phenolic Composition, Characterization and Antioxidant Potentials of Five Different Australian Grown Pear Varieties." Antioxidants 10, no. 2: 151.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Animal Frontiers
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The Australian summer, November 2019, started with our focus on bushfires and their impacts on both regional and urban Australia, and this continued into the new year. Southern Australia bore the brunt of these ferocious bushfires with devastating consequences on many regional communities. The southern Australian major cities were also affected albeit at a very different level, with extreme smoke pollution confining much of the population indoors for a few weeks at a time. Domestic air travel in Australia was disrupted, people were forced to work from home, and, unfortunately, we also witnessed a consumer behavior that few had witnessed previously, panic buying, with items like toilet paper and face masks and commodities like long-life milk, rice, flour, and meat being stockpiled by consumers, resulting in ‘rationing’ of these items by retailers. But few foresaw what was about to confront us in 2020.

ACS Style

Darryl N D’Souza; Frank R Dunshea. Impact of COVID-19 on the Australian pork industry. Animal Frontiers 2021, 11, 19 -22.

AMA Style

Darryl N D’Souza, Frank R Dunshea. Impact of COVID-19 on the Australian pork industry. Animal Frontiers. 2021; 11 (1):19-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darryl N D’Souza; Frank R Dunshea. 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 on the Australian pork industry." Animal Frontiers 11, no. 1: 19-22.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2020 in Antioxidants
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Berries are grown worldwide with the most consumed berries being blackberries (Rubus spp.), blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum), red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) and strawberries (Fragaria spp.). Berries are either consumed fresh, frozen, or processed into wines, juices, and jams. In recent times, researchers have focused their attention on berries due to their abundance in phenolic compounds. The current study aimed to evaluate the phenolic content and their antioxidant potential followed by characterization and quantification using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-PDA. Blueberries were highest in TPC (2.93 ± 0.07 mg GAE/gf.w.) and TFC (70.31 ± 1.21 µg QE/gf.w.), whereas the blackberries had the highest content in TTC (11.32 ± 0.13 mg CE/gf.w.). Blueberries had the highest radical scavenging capacities for the DPPH (1.69 ± 0.09 mg AAE/gf.w.), FRAP (367.43 ± 3.09 µg AAE/gf.w.), TAC (1.47 ± 0.20 mg AAE/gf.w.) and ABTS was highest in strawberries (3.67 ± 0.14 mg AAE/gf.w.). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS study identified a total of 65 compounds including 42 compounds in strawberries, 30 compounds in raspberries, 28 compounds in blueberries and 21 compounds in blackberries. The HPLC-PDA quantification observed phenolic acid (p-hydroxybenzoic) and flavonoid (quercetin-3-rhamnoside) higher in blueberries compared to other berries. Our study showed the presence of phenolic acids and provides information to be utilized as an ingredient in food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

ACS Style

Vigasini Subbiah; Biming Zhong; Malik A. Nawaz; Colin J. Barrow; Frank R. Dunshea; Hafiz A. R. Suleria. Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Australian Grown Berries by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Determination of Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants 2020, 10, 26 .

AMA Style

Vigasini Subbiah, Biming Zhong, Malik A. Nawaz, Colin J. Barrow, Frank R. Dunshea, Hafiz A. R. Suleria. Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Australian Grown Berries by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Determination of Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants. 2020; 10 (1):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vigasini Subbiah; Biming Zhong; Malik A. Nawaz; Colin J. Barrow; Frank R. Dunshea; Hafiz A. R. Suleria. 2020. "Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Australian Grown Berries by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Determination of Their Antioxidant Potential." Antioxidants 10, no. 1: 26.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2020 in Animal Nutrition
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The aim of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in cottonseed meal (CSM) and soybean meal (SBM) in simple carbohydrate and more complex wheat-based diets using 2 indigestible markers and total faecal collection. Twenty-five Large White × Landrace boars (57.8 kg) were randomly allocated to either a pure wheat diet, 40% CSM or SBM in either a sugar-starch- (1:1) or wheat-based diet for 18 d. Acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) were included in all diets as indigestible markers. Diets were offered (1,800 g/d per pig) in 3 meals/d from d 1 to 11 and 8 meals/d from d 12 to 17. On d 9, the pigs were moved to individual metabolism cages to allow total faecal collection. On d 18, the pigs were fed hourly for 8 h. After the 8th meal, pigs were anaesthetized and digesta sampled from the terminal ileum and rectum before lethal injection. There were no differences between ATTD of nitrogen (N) determined using AIA as a marker and measured by total faecal collection. On the other hand, the ATTD of N of diets containing CSM in sugar-starch- or wheat-based diets and the pure wheat diet determined using Cr2O3 as a marker was less (−3.11%, −4.46% and −6.59%; P < 0.001) than that measured by total faecal collection. The ATTD of N determined using AIA as a marker was highly correlated with that measured using total faecal collection (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.95). Similarly, the ATTD of N determined using Cr2O3 as a marker was correlated with that measured using total faecal collection, although the correlation was not quite as strong as using AIA (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.87). Also, the slope of the regression line and the intercept were closer to unity and zero for the relationship when the ATTD of N was determined using AIA compared to Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker. The ATTD of organic and dry matter behaved similarly. These data demonstrate that the basal diet and choice of indigestible marker can substantially influence the ATTD and that the use of AIA as an indigestible marker is more suitable than Cr2O3 in digestibility studies in pigs.

ACS Style

Susanto Prawirodigdo; Neil J. Gannon; Brian J. Leury; Frank R. Dunshea. Acid-insoluble ash is a better indigestible marker than chromic oxide to measure apparent total tract digestibility in pigs. Animal Nutrition 2020, 7, 64 -71.

AMA Style

Susanto Prawirodigdo, Neil J. Gannon, Brian J. Leury, Frank R. Dunshea. Acid-insoluble ash is a better indigestible marker than chromic oxide to measure apparent total tract digestibility in pigs. Animal Nutrition. 2020; 7 (1):64-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susanto Prawirodigdo; Neil J. Gannon; Brian J. Leury; Frank R. Dunshea. 2020. "Acid-insoluble ash is a better indigestible marker than chromic oxide to measure apparent total tract digestibility in pigs." Animal Nutrition 7, no. 1: 64-71.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2020 in Animal Nutrition
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Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano chromium picolinate (nCrPic) during heat stress (HS) in sheep. In the initial study, 36 Merino × Poll cross-bred sheep were individually penned and allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0, 400 and 800 μg/kg nCrPic) for 8 wk. Body composition was determined at the beginning and end of the experiment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The sheep remained in their dietary groups but were then placed in metabolic cages and randomly allocated within the dietary group to differing ambient temperature regimes, i.e., thermo-neutral (TN) (n = 18) and HS (n = 18), for 3 wk. Dietary nCrPic had no effect on growth performance and body composition during the initial study conducted under TN conditions. Heat stress decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.002) whereas sheep under HS had reduced average daily gain (ADG) and indeed lost weight (P < 0.001). Dietary nCrPic increased both ADFI (P = 0.041) and ADG (P = 0.049) under both TH and HS conditions such that the performance of sheep receiving supplemental nCrPic and exposed to HS was similar to that of control sheep maintained under TN conditions. Heat stress increased rectal temperature (P < 0.001) and respiration rate (P < 0.001), particularly during the hottest parts of the day as indicated by interactions (P < 0.001) between time of day and thermal treatment. Rectal temperature was lower in sheep fed nCrPic (P = 0.050), particularly under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and time of day (P < 0.001) and dietary nCrPic, thermal treatment and time of day (P = 0.010). Similarly, respiration rate was lower in sheep fed nCrPic under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and thermal treatment (P < 0.001) and dietary nCrPic and time of day (P = 0.030). In conclusion, dietary nCrPic can partially ameliorate the negative effects of HS as indicated by the maintenance of ADFI and decreased physiological responses, such as elevations in rectal temperature and respiration rate.

ACS Style

Alex T. Hung; Brian J. Leury; Matthew A. Sabin; Fahri Fahri; Kristy DiGiacomo; Tu-Fa Lien; Frank R. Dunshea. Dietary nano chromium picolinate can ameliorate some of the impacts of heat stress in cross-bred sheep. Animal Nutrition 2020, 7, 198 -205.

AMA Style

Alex T. Hung, Brian J. Leury, Matthew A. Sabin, Fahri Fahri, Kristy DiGiacomo, Tu-Fa Lien, Frank R. Dunshea. Dietary nano chromium picolinate can ameliorate some of the impacts of heat stress in cross-bred sheep. Animal Nutrition. 2020; 7 (1):198-205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex T. Hung; Brian J. Leury; Matthew A. Sabin; Fahri Fahri; Kristy DiGiacomo; Tu-Fa Lien; Frank R. Dunshea. 2020. "Dietary nano chromium picolinate can ameliorate some of the impacts of heat stress in cross-bred sheep." Animal Nutrition 7, no. 1: 198-205.