To examine the dose-response relationship between overall and specific types of exercise with cognitive function in older adults. Systematic Review and Bayesian Model-Based Network Meta-Analysis. Systematic search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus. Randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in participants aged 50 years or over, and that reported on at least one global cognition outcome. The search returned 1998 records, of which 44 studies (4793 participants; 102 different effect sizes) were included in this review with meta-analysis. There was a non-linear, dose-response association between overall exercise and cognition. We found no minimal threshold for the beneficial effect of exercise on cognition. The estimated minimal exercise dose associated with clinically relevant changes in cognition was 724 METs-min per week, and doses beyond 1200 METs-min per week provided less clear benefits. We also found that the dose-response association was exercise type dependent, and our results show that clinically important effects may occur at lower doses for many types of exercise. Our findings also highlighted the superior effects of resistance exercises over other modalities. If provided with the most potent modalities, older adults can get clinical meaningful benefits with lower doses than the WHO guidelines. Findings support the WHO recommendations to emphasise resistance training as a critical component of interventions for older adults.

This study aimed at examined the effect of a 12-week whole body vibration (WBV) training program on leg blood flow and body composition in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Forty participants were randomly assigned to either a WBV training group (WBV; n = 20) or usual-care control group (CON; n = 20). Body composition [waist circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), weight, height, percentage of body fat and fat-free mass], heart rate, and blood flow [femoral artery diameter, maximum systolic velocity, maximum diastolic velocity (DV), time averaged mean, pulsatility index and resistance index (RI), mean velocity (V _med), and peak blood velocities (PBV)] were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. There were significant increases in the blood flow (p = 0.046), V _med (p = 0.050), and DV (p = 0.037) after WBV compared with CON. Within-group analysis showed significant differences in V _med, PBV, and DV in the WBV group. Significant decreases after the intervention in weight (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), WHR (p < 0.05), and body fat (p < 0.05) were also found, with significant between-groups decreases in all these outcomes in the WBV group. Significant correlations existed between changes in percent body fat and blood flow [blood flow (−0.761), V _med (−0.607), PBV (−0.677), and RI (0.0510)]. WBV training can be considered an effective means to increase leg blood flow and to reduce adiposity in patients with T2DM.

Purpose To assess the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and to determine the minimal detectable change (MDC₉₅) scores of the data for the Hand Grip Strength Test, the Chair Sit and Reach Test (CSRT), the Timed “Up and Go” (TUG) test, the 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and 30 seconds Sit to Stand Test (30s‐STS) test in older adults with type 2 NIDDM. Design Test–retest reliability. Methods Eighteen subject participated in two sessions (1 week apart), which included the different tests. Findings High ICCs (≥0.92) were found for all tests. The MDC₉₅ scores were as follows: 4.0 kg for Hand Grip Strength Tests, 7.5 cm for the right leg‐CSRT, 9.0 cm for the left leg‐CSRT, 1.0 second for the TUG test, 27 m for the 6MWT, and 3.3 repetitions for the 30s‐STS test. Conclusions All tests evaluated are reliable outcome measures for type 2 NIDDM patients. Clinical relevance This study has generated novel MCD₉₅ data, which will assist nursing practitioners in both prescribing the most beneficial exercise and interpreting posttreatment changes after rehabilitation in patients with T2DM.