This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Unclaimed
Gerardo Sanchez Martinez
Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, UNEP DTU Partnership, UN City, Mamorvej 51 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark

Basic Info

Basic Info is private.

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Climate change has important population health impacts, and cities are often on the frontlines. However, health is reported to be less active in climate adaptation than other sectors. To contribute to better understanding urban health adaptation efforts and identifying gaps we developed a City Climate Health Adaptation Typology and tested it with adaptation actions of 106 large world cities (population > 1 million) reported to a major publicly-available adaptation database. We found two-thirds of actions of these ‘active adapter’ cities were health-associated. Half were health information activities (e.g., hazard mapping, early warnings); and nearly one-third addressed climate-relevant health determinants in the urban built environment (e.g., green space). Forty percent of cities were in low- or middle-income countries. Our proposed typology provides a systematic framework for monitoring and comparing city health adaptation actions. Reported city actions are suggestive of increasing depth and breadth of urban health-associated adaptation. However, even among these adaptation-engaged cities, a health adaptation gap was apparent in key climate health services (e.g., mental health), and in climate-related public health governance and capacity building. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated pressing need for strong public health institutions. We recommend better integration of public health agencies into local climate action planning, enhanced modes of collaboration between health and non-health agencies and with non-governmental actors, and strengthening of city public health adaptive capacity including through networking.

ACS Style

Mary C. Sheehan; Mila Freire; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez. Piloting a city health adaptation typology with data from climate-engaged cities: Toward identification of an urban health adaptation gap. Environmental Research 2020, 196, 110435 .

AMA Style

Mary C. Sheehan, Mila Freire, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez. Piloting a city health adaptation typology with data from climate-engaged cities: Toward identification of an urban health adaptation gap. Environmental Research. 2020; 196 ():110435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary C. Sheehan; Mila Freire; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez. 2020. "Piloting a city health adaptation typology with data from climate-engaged cities: Toward identification of an urban health adaptation gap." Environmental Research 196, no. : 110435.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves is one of the most unquestionable effects of climate change. Therefore, the progressive increase in maximum temperatures will have a clear incidence on the increase in mortality, especially in countries that are vulnerable due to geographical location or their socioeconomic characteristics. Different research studies show that the mortality attributable to heat is decreasing globally, and research is centred on future scenarios. One way of detecting the existence of a lesser impact of heat is through the increase in the so-called temperature of minimum mortality (TMM). The objective of this study is to determine the temporal evolution of TMM in two Spanish provinces (Seville and Madrid) during the 1983–2018 period and to evaluate whether the rate of adaptation to heat is appropriate. We used the gross rate of daily mortality due to natural causes (CIEX: A00-R99) and the maximum daily temperature (°C) to determine the quinquennial TMM using dispersion diagrams and realizing fit using quadratic and cubic curvilinear estimation. The same analysis was carried out at the annual level, by fitting an equation to the line of TMM for each province, whose slope, if significant (p < 0.05) represents the annual rate of variation in TMM. The results observed in this quinquennial analysis showed that the TMM is higher in Seville than in Madrid and that it is higher among men than women in the two provinces. Furthermore, there was an increase in TMM in all of the quinquennium and a clear decrease in the final period. At the annual level, the linear fit was significant for Madrid for the whole population and corresponds to an increase in the TMM of 0.58 °C per decade. For Seville the linear fits were significant and the slopes of the fitted lines was 1.1 °C/decade. Both Madrid and Seville are adapting to the increase in temperatures observed over the past 36 years, and women are the group that is more susceptible to heat, compared to men. The implementation of improvements and evaluation of prevention plans to address the impact of heat waves should continue in order to ensure adequate adaptation in the future.

ACS Style

F. Follos; C. Linares; J.M. Vellón; J.A. López-Bueno; M.Y. Luna; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; J. Díaz. The evolution of minimum mortality temperatures as an indicator of heat adaptation: The cases of Madrid and Seville (Spain). Science of The Total Environment 2020, 747, 141259 .

AMA Style

F. Follos, C. Linares, J.M. Vellón, J.A. López-Bueno, M.Y. Luna, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, J. Díaz. The evolution of minimum mortality temperatures as an indicator of heat adaptation: The cases of Madrid and Seville (Spain). Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 747 ():141259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Follos; C. Linares; J.M. Vellón; J.A. López-Bueno; M.Y. Luna; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; J. Díaz. 2020. "The evolution of minimum mortality temperatures as an indicator of heat adaptation: The cases of Madrid and Seville (Spain)." Science of The Total Environment 747, no. : 141259.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Although there is significant scientific evidence on the impact of heat waves, there are few studies that analyze the effects of sociodemographic factors on the impact of heat waves below the municipal level. The objective of this study was to analyze the role of income level, percent of the population over age 65, existence of air conditioning units and hectares (Ha) of green zones in districts in Madrid, in the impact of heat on daily mortality between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013. Seventeen districts were analyzed, and Generalized Linear (GLM) Poisson Regression Models were used to calculate relative risks (RR) and attributable risks (RA) for the impact of heat waves on mortality due to natural causes (CIEX:A00-R99). The pattern of risks obtained was analyzed using GLM univariates and multivariates of the binomial family (link logit), introducing the socioeconomic and demographic variables mentioned above. The results indicate that heat wave had an impact in only three of the districts analyzed. In the univariate models, all of the variables were statistically significant, but Ha of green zones lost significance in the multivariate model. Income level, existence of air conditioning units, and percent of the population over age 65 in the district remained as variables that modulate the impact of heat wave on daily mortality in the municipality of Madrid. Income level was the key variable that explained this behavior. The results obtained in this study show that there are factors at levels below the municipal level (district level) that should be considered as focus areas for health policy in order to decrease the impact of heat and promote the process of adaptation to heat in the context of climate change.

ACS Style

J.A. López-Bueno; J. Díaz; C. Sánchez-Guevara; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; M. Franco; P. Gullón; M. Núñez Peiró; I. Valero; C. Linares. The impact of heat waves on daily mortality in districts in Madrid: The effect of sociodemographic factors. Environmental Research 2020, 190, 109993 .

AMA Style

J.A. López-Bueno, J. Díaz, C. Sánchez-Guevara, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, M. Franco, P. Gullón, M. Núñez Peiró, I. Valero, C. Linares. The impact of heat waves on daily mortality in districts in Madrid: The effect of sociodemographic factors. Environmental Research. 2020; 190 ():109993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A. López-Bueno; J. Díaz; C. Sánchez-Guevara; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; M. Franco; P. Gullón; M. Núñez Peiró; I. Valero; C. Linares. 2020. "The impact of heat waves on daily mortality in districts in Madrid: The effect of sociodemographic factors." Environmental Research 190, no. : 109993.

Discussion
Published: 15 May 2020 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

G.S. Martinez; C. Linares; F. De’Donato; J. Diaz. Protect the vulnerable from extreme heat during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research 2020, 187, 109684 -109684.

AMA Style

G.S. Martinez, C. Linares, F. De’Donato, J. Diaz. Protect the vulnerable from extreme heat during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research. 2020; 187 ():109684-109684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G.S. Martinez; C. Linares; F. De’Donato; J. Diaz. 2020. "Protect the vulnerable from extreme heat during the COVID-19 pandemic." Environmental Research 187, no. : 109684-109684.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Climate change causes or aggravates a wide range of exposures with multiple impacts on health, both direct and indirect. Early warning systems have been established to act on the risks posed by these exposures, permitting the timely activation of action plans to minimize health effects. These plans are usually activated individually. Although they show good results from the point of view of minimizing health impacts, such as in the case of high temperature plans, they commonly fail to address the synergies across various climate-related or climate-aggravated exposures. Since several of those exposures tend to occur concurrently, failure to integrate them in prevention efforts could affect their effectiveness and reach. Thus, there is a need to carry out an integrative approach for the multiple effects that climate change has on population health. This article presents a proposal for how these plans should be articulated. The proposed integrated plan would consist of four phases. The first phase, based on early warning systems, would be the activation of different existing individual plans related to the health effects that can be caused by certain circumstances and when possible corrective measures would be implemented. The second phase would attempt to quantify the health impact foreseen by the event in terms of the different health indicators selected. The third phase would be to activate measures to minimize the impact on health, via population alerts and advisories, and additional social and health services, based on the provisions in phase two. Phase four would be related to epidemiological surveillance that permits evaluation of the effects of activating the plan. We believe that this integrative approach should be extended to all of the public health interventions related to climate change.

ACS Style

C. Linares; G.S. Martinez; V. Kendrovski; J. Diaz. A new integrative perspective on early warning systems for health in the context of climate change. Environmental Research 2020, 187, 109623 .

AMA Style

C. Linares, G.S. Martinez, V. Kendrovski, J. Diaz. A new integrative perspective on early warning systems for health in the context of climate change. Environmental Research. 2020; 187 ():109623.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Linares; G.S. Martinez; V. Kendrovski; J. Diaz. 2020. "A new integrative perspective on early warning systems for health in the context of climate change." Environmental Research 187, no. : 109623.

Review article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The Mediterranean Basin is undergoing a warming trend with longer and warmer summers, an increase in the frequency and the severity of heat waves, changes in precipitation patterns and a reduction in rainfall amounts. In this unique populated region, which is characterized by significant gaps in the socio-economic levels particularly between the North (Europe) and South (Africa), parallel with population growth and migration, increased water demand and forest fires risk - the vulnerability of the Mediterranean population to human health risks increases significantly. Indeed, climatic changes impact the health of the Mediterranean population directly through extreme heat, drought or storms, or indirectly by changes in water availability, food provision and quality, air pollution and other stressors. The main health effects are related to extreme weather events (including extreme temperatures and floods), changes in the distribution of climate-sensitive diseases and changes in environmental and social conditions. The poorer countries, particularly in North Africa and the Levant, are at highest risk. Climate change affects the vulnerable sectors of the region, including an increasingly older population, with a larger percentage of those with chronic diseases, as well as poor people, which are therefore more susceptible to the effects of extreme temperatures. For those populations, a better surveillance and control systems are especially needed. In view of the climatic projections and the vulnerability of Mediterranean countries, climate change mitigation and adaptation become ever more imperative. It is important that prevention Health Action Plans will be implemented, particularly in those countries that currently have no prevention plans. Most adaptation measures are “win-win situation” from a health perspective, including reducing air pollution or providing shading solutions. Additionally, Mediterranean countries need to enhance cross-border collaboration, as adaptation to many of the health risks requires collaboration across borders and also across the different parts of the basin.

ACS Style

Cristina Linares; Julio Díaz; Maya Negev; Gerardo Sánchez Martínez; Roberto Debono; Shlomit Paz. Impacts of climate change on the public health of the Mediterranean Basin population - Current situation, projections, preparedness and adaptation. Environmental Research 2020, 182, 109107 .

AMA Style

Cristina Linares, Julio Díaz, Maya Negev, Gerardo Sánchez Martínez, Roberto Debono, Shlomit Paz. Impacts of climate change on the public health of the Mediterranean Basin population - Current situation, projections, preparedness and adaptation. Environmental Research. 2020; 182 ():109107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Linares; Julio Díaz; Maya Negev; Gerardo Sánchez Martínez; Roberto Debono; Shlomit Paz. 2020. "Impacts of climate change on the public health of the Mediterranean Basin population - Current situation, projections, preparedness and adaptation." Environmental Research 182, no. : 109107.

Editorial
Published: 26 December 2019 in Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition)
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Cristina Linares; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Díaz. ¿Es mayor en España el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica química sobre la mortalidad atribuible por causas respiratorias o por causas circulatorias? Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) 2019, 56, 543 -544.

AMA Style

Cristina Linares, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Julio Díaz. ¿Es mayor en España el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica química sobre la mortalidad atribuible por causas respiratorias o por causas circulatorias? Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition). 2019; 56 (9):543-544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Linares; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Díaz. 2019. "¿Es mayor en España el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica química sobre la mortalidad atribuible por causas respiratorias o por causas circulatorias?" Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) 56, no. 9: 543-544.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The objective of this study is to analyze the short-term effects of atmospheric pollutant concentrations (PM10, NO2 and O3) and heat and cold waves on the number of pre-term births and cases of low birth weight related to Saharan dust advection and biomass combustion. The dependent variables used in this analysis were the total number of births, births with low weight (>2.500 g) and pre-term births (<37 weeks), that occurred at the province level. Data provided by the NSI included: days with Saharan dust intrusion or biomass advection classified in terms of information provided by MITECO for each of the nine regions in Spain. A representative city was selected for reach region in which the registered average daily concentrations of PM10, NO2 and O3 (μg/m3) were used. These were also provided by MITECO. The daily maximum and daily minimum temperature (°C) used was those registered by the meteorological observatory station located in each province capital, provided by AEMET. Using Poisson log linear regression models, the associated relative risks (RR) were measured as well as the population attributable risk (PAR) corresponding to the variables that resulted statistically significant at p < 0.05 for days with and without intrusion of natural particulate matter. The results obtained show that the days with Saharan dust intrusion or advections due to biomass combustion- beyond the impact of PM10, primary pollutants such as NO2 (in Saharan intrusions), heat waves and O3 - are associated with the number of births, low birth weight and pre-term birth. The RR and percent PAR of the pollutants and the heat waves are greater than those obtained for PM10. The results of this study indicate that days with natural particulate matter due to biomass combustion or advection of Saharan dust put pregnant women at risk.

ACS Style

I. Moreira; C. Linares; F. Follos; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; J.M. Vellón; J. Díaz. Short-term effects of Saharan dust intrusions and biomass combustion on birth outcomes in Spain. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 701, 134755 .

AMA Style

I. Moreira, C. Linares, F. Follos, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, J.M. Vellón, J. Díaz. Short-term effects of Saharan dust intrusions and biomass combustion on birth outcomes in Spain. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 701 ():134755.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Moreira; C. Linares; F. Follos; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; J.M. Vellón; J. Díaz. 2019. "Short-term effects of Saharan dust intrusions and biomass combustion on birth outcomes in Spain." Science of The Total Environment 701, no. : 134755.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The analysis of local climate conditions to test artificial urban boundaries and related climate hazards through modelling tools should become a common practice to inform public authorities about the benefits of planning alternatives. Different finishing materials and sheltering objects within urban canyons (UCs) can be tested, predicted and compared through quantitative and qualitative understanding of the relationships between the microclimatic environment and subjective thermal assessment. This process can work as support planning instrument in the early design phases as has been done in this study that aims to analyze the thermal stress within typical UCs of Bilbao (Spain) in summertime through the evaluation of Physiologically Equivalent Temperature using ENVI-met. The UCs are characterized by different orientations, height-to-width aspect ratios, pavement materials, trees’ dimensions and planting pattern. Firstly, the current situation was analyzed; secondly, the effects of asphalt and red brick stones as streets’ pavement materials were compared; thirdly, the benefits of vegetation elements were tested. The analysis demonstrated that orientation and aspect ratio strongly affect the magnitude and duration of the thermal peaks at pedestrian level; while the vegetation elements improve the thermal comfort up to two thermophysiological assessment classes. The outcomes of this study, were transferred and visualized into green planning recommendations for new and consolidated urban areas in Bilbao.

ACS Style

Gabriele Lobaccaro; Juan Angel Acero; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Ales Padro; Txomin Laburu; German Fernandez. Effects of Orientations, Aspect Ratios, Pavement Materials and Vegetation Elements on Thermal Stress inside Typical Urban Canyons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3574 .

AMA Style

Gabriele Lobaccaro, Juan Angel Acero, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Ales Padro, Txomin Laburu, German Fernandez. Effects of Orientations, Aspect Ratios, Pavement Materials and Vegetation Elements on Thermal Stress inside Typical Urban Canyons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (19):3574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriele Lobaccaro; Juan Angel Acero; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Ales Padro; Txomin Laburu; German Fernandez. 2019. "Effects of Orientations, Aspect Ratios, Pavement Materials and Vegetation Elements on Thermal Stress inside Typical Urban Canyons." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3574.

Articles
Published: 04 July 2019 in Carbon Management
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement will require fast and far-reaching changes, including transformative governance within the international climate negotiations. Processes and interactions within the negotiations have been historically perceived as inequitable, as low-income countries', interests were undermined by the small size of their delegations. Since COP21 in Paris, however, the delegation size of poorer countries has significantly increased Following the Paris Agreement, the average delegation size of low-income and lower middle-income countries, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa, has risen considerably compared with other country income groupings and regions. While the drivers behind this increase are yet unclear, the trend could contribute to greater equity in the negotiations through better representation and visibility of issues shared by these countries, for instance those related to high climate vulnerability and low readiness. However, delegation size is only one factor in negotiation success, which is related to a variety of factors both internal and external to the negotiations themselves. Further analysis on the causes of the shifts observed in this paper is required, to understand their possible consequences, and better determine whether they can successfully contribute to greater climate equity in the context of the necessary transformative climate governance.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Jacob Ipsen Hansen; Karen Holm Olsen; Emmanuel Kofi Ackom; James Arthur Haselip; Olivier Bois Von Kursk; Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar. Delegation size and equity in climate negotiations: An exploration of key issues. Carbon Management 2019, 10, 431 -435.

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Jacob Ipsen Hansen, Karen Holm Olsen, Emmanuel Kofi Ackom, James Arthur Haselip, Olivier Bois Von Kursk, Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar. Delegation size and equity in climate negotiations: An exploration of key issues. Carbon Management. 2019; 10 (4):431-435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Jacob Ipsen Hansen; Karen Holm Olsen; Emmanuel Kofi Ackom; James Arthur Haselip; Olivier Bois Von Kursk; Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar. 2019. "Delegation size and equity in climate negotiations: An exploration of key issues." Carbon Management 10, no. 4: 431-435.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2019 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Global warming is resulting in an increase in temperatures which is set to become more marked by the end of the century and depends on the accelerating pace of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Yet even in this scenario, so-called “cold waves” will continue to be generated and have an impact on health. This study sought to analyse the impact of cold waves on daily mortality at a provincial level in Spain over the 2021–2050 and 2051–2100 time horizons under RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios, on the basis of two hypotheses: (1) that the cold-wave definition temperature (T threshold) would not vary over time; and, (2) that there would be a variation in T threshold. The results of a retrospective study undertaken for Spain as a whole across the period 2000–2009 enabled us to ascertain the cold-wave definition temperature at a provincial level and its impact on health, measured by reference to population attributable risk (PAR). The minimum daily temperatures projected for each provincial capital considering the above time horizons and emission scenarios were provided by the State Meteorological Agency. On the basis of the T threshold definition values and minimum daily temperatures projected for each province, we calculated the expected impact of low temperatures on mortality under the above two hypotheses. Keeping the PAR values constant, it was assumed that the mortality rate would vary in accordance with the available data. If T threshold remained constant over the above time horizons under both emission scenarios, there would be no cold-related mortality. If T threshold were assumed to vary over time, however, then cold-related mortality would not disappear: it would instead remain practically constant over time and give rise to an estimated overall figure of around 250 deaths per year, equivalent to close on a quarter of Spain's current annual cold-related mortality and entailing a cost of approximately €1000 million per year. Given that cold waves are not going to disappear and that their impact on mortality is far from negligible and is likely to remain so, public health prevention measures must be implemented to minimise these effects as far as possible.

ACS Style

J. Díaz; José Antonio López-Bueno; M. Sáez; Isidro Miron; M.Y. Luna; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; R. Carmona; Maria Barceló; C. Linares. Will there be cold-related mortality in Spain over the 2021–2050 and 2051–2100 time horizons despite the increase in temperatures as a consequence of climate change? Environmental Research 2019, 176, 108557 .

AMA Style

J. Díaz, José Antonio López-Bueno, M. Sáez, Isidro Miron, M.Y. Luna, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, R. Carmona, Maria Barceló, C. Linares. Will there be cold-related mortality in Spain over the 2021–2050 and 2051–2100 time horizons despite the increase in temperatures as a consequence of climate change? Environmental Research. 2019; 176 ():108557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Díaz; José Antonio López-Bueno; M. Sáez; Isidro Miron; M.Y. Luna; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; R. Carmona; Maria Barceló; C. Linares. 2019. "Will there be cold-related mortality in Spain over the 2021–2050 and 2051–2100 time horizons despite the increase in temperatures as a consequence of climate change?" Environmental Research 176, no. : 108557.

Discussion
Published: 19 June 2019 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

High temperatures have periodically affected large areas in Europe and urban settings. In particular, the deadly 2003 summer heat waves precipitated a multitude of national and subnational health prevention and research efforts. Building on these and other international experiences the WHO Regional Office for Europe developed and published in 2008 a comprehensive framework for prevention, the heat-health action plans (HHAPs). This provided a blueprint used by several national and subnational authorities to design their prevention efforts. A decade after the publication of the WHO guidance, a wealth of new evidence and acquired implementation experience has emerged around HHAP effectiveness; heat exposure; acclimatization and adaptation; heat-health governance and stakeholder involvement; and the role of urban design and greening interventions in prevention. This evidence and experience can guide the strategies to tackle current and upcoming challenges in protecting health from heat under a warming climate.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Cristina Linares; Ana Ayuso; Vladimir Kendrovski; Melanie Boeckmann; Julio Diaz. Heat-health action plans in Europe: Challenges ahead and how to tackle them. Environmental Research 2019, 176, 108548 .

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Cristina Linares, Ana Ayuso, Vladimir Kendrovski, Melanie Boeckmann, Julio Diaz. Heat-health action plans in Europe: Challenges ahead and how to tackle them. Environmental Research. 2019; 176 ():108548.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Cristina Linares; Ana Ayuso; Vladimir Kendrovski; Melanie Boeckmann; Julio Diaz. 2019. "Heat-health action plans in Europe: Challenges ahead and how to tackle them." Environmental Research 176, no. : 108548.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Environmental Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Thermal extremes, both heat and cold, constitute a serious public health threat in Vilnius, and in a changing climate the decrease in mortality attributable to cold will not compensate for the increase in mortality attributable to heat. Study results reinforce the notion that public health prevention against thermal extremes should be designed as a dynamic, adaptive process from the inception.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Diaz; Hans Hooyberghs; Dirk Lauwaet; Koen De Ridder; Cristina Linares; Rocio Carmona; Cristina Ortiz; Vladimir Kendrovski; Dovile Adamonyte. Cold-related mortality vs heat-related mortality in a changing climate: A case study in Vilnius (Lithuania). Environmental Research 2018, 166, 384 -393.

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Julio Diaz, Hans Hooyberghs, Dirk Lauwaet, Koen De Ridder, Cristina Linares, Rocio Carmona, Cristina Ortiz, Vladimir Kendrovski, Dovile Adamonyte. Cold-related mortality vs heat-related mortality in a changing climate: A case study in Vilnius (Lithuania). Environmental Research. 2018; 166 ():384-393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Diaz; Hans Hooyberghs; Dirk Lauwaet; Koen De Ridder; Cristina Linares; Rocio Carmona; Cristina Ortiz; Vladimir Kendrovski; Dovile Adamonyte. 2018. "Cold-related mortality vs heat-related mortality in a changing climate: A case study in Vilnius (Lithuania)." Environmental Research 166, no. : 384-393.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Background: Urban outdoor air pollution, especially particulate matter, remains a major environmental health problem in Skopje, the capital of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Despite the documented high levels of pollution in the city, the published evidence on its health impacts is as yet scarce. Methods: we obtained, cleaned, and validated Particulate Matter (PM) concentration data from five air quality monitoring stations in the Skopje metropolitan area, applied relevant concentration-response functions, and evaluated health impacts against two theoretical policy scenarios. We then calculated the burden of disease attributable to PM and calculated the societal cost due to attributable mortality. Results: In 2012, long-term exposure to PM2.5 (49.2 μg/m3) caused an estimated 1199 premature deaths (CI95% 821–1519). The social cost of the predicted premature mortality in 2012 due to air pollution was estimated at between 570 and 1470 million euros. Moreover, PM2.5 was also estimated to be responsible for 547 hospital admissions (CI95% 104–977) from cardiovascular diseases, and 937 admissions (CI95% 937–1869) for respiratory disease that year. Reducing PM2.5 levels to the EU limit (25 μg/m3) could have averted an estimated 45% of PM-attributable mortality, while achieving the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (10 μg/m3) could have averted an estimated 77% of PM-attributable mortality. Both scenarios would also attain significant reductions in attributable respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Conclusions: Besides its health impacts in terms of increased premature mortality and hospitalizations, air pollution entails significant economic costs to the population of Skopje. Reductions in PM2.5 concentrations could provide substantial health and economic gains to the city.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Joseph V. Spadaro; Dimitriοs Chapizanis; Vladimir Kendrovski; Mihail Kochubovski; Pierpaolo Mudu. Health Impacts and Economic Costs of Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Skopje. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 626 .

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Joseph V. Spadaro, Dimitriοs Chapizanis, Vladimir Kendrovski, Mihail Kochubovski, Pierpaolo Mudu. Health Impacts and Economic Costs of Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Skopje. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (4):626.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Joseph V. Spadaro; Dimitriοs Chapizanis; Vladimir Kendrovski; Mihail Kochubovski; Pierpaolo Mudu. 2018. "Health Impacts and Economic Costs of Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Skopje." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 626.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2017 in Environment International
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Excessive summer heat is a serious environmental health problem in several European cities. Heat-related mortality and morbidity is likely to increase under climate change scenarios without adequate prevention based on locally relevant evidence. We modelled the urban climate of Antwerp for the summer season during the period 1986–2015, and projected summer daily temperatures for two periods, one in the near (2026–2045) and one in the far future (2081–2100), under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. We then analysed the relationship between temperature and mortality, as well as with hospital admissions for the period 2009–2013, and estimated the projected mortality in the near future and far future periods under changing climate and population, assuming alternatively no acclimatization and acclimatization based on a constant threshold percentile temperature. During the sample period 2009–2013 we observed an increase in daily mortality from a maximum daily temperature of 26 °C, or the 89th percentile of the maximum daily temperature series. The annual average heat-related mortality in this period was 13.4 persons (95% CI: 3.8–23.4). No effect of heat was observed in the case of hospital admissions due to cardiorespiratory causes. Under a no acclimatization scenario, annual average heat-related mortality is multiplied by a factor of 1.7 in the near future (24.1 deaths/year CI 95%: 6.78–41.94) and by a factor of 4.5 in the far future (60.38 deaths/year CI 95%: 17.00–105.11). Under a heat acclimatization scenario, mortality does not increase significantly in the near or in the far future. These results highlight the importance of a long-term perspective in the public health prevention of heat exposure, particularly in the context of a changing climate, and the calibration of existing prevention activities in light of locally relevant evidence.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Diaz; Hans Hooyberghs; Dirk Lauwaet; Koen De Ridder; Cristina Linares; Rocio Carmona; Cristina Ortiz; Vladimir Kendrovski; Raf Aerts; An Van Nieuwenhuyse; Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar. Heat and health in Antwerp under climate change: Projected impacts and implications for prevention. Environment International 2017, 111, 135 -143.

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Julio Diaz, Hans Hooyberghs, Dirk Lauwaet, Koen De Ridder, Cristina Linares, Rocio Carmona, Cristina Ortiz, Vladimir Kendrovski, Raf Aerts, An Van Nieuwenhuyse, Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar. Heat and health in Antwerp under climate change: Projected impacts and implications for prevention. Environment International. 2017; 111 ():135-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Diaz; Hans Hooyberghs; Dirk Lauwaet; Koen De Ridder; Cristina Linares; Rocio Carmona; Cristina Ortiz; Vladimir Kendrovski; Raf Aerts; An Van Nieuwenhuyse; Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar. 2017. "Heat and health in Antwerp under climate change: Projected impacts and implications for prevention." Environment International 111, no. : 135-143.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Under future warming conditions, high ambient temperatures will have a significant impact on population health in Europe. The aim of this paper is to quantify the possible future impact of heat on population mortality in European countries, under different climate change scenarios. We combined the heat-mortality function estimated from historical data with meteorological projections for the future time laps 2035–2064 and 2071–2099, developed under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. We calculated attributable deaths (AD) at the country level. Overall, the expected impacts will be much larger than the impacts we would observe if apparent temperatures would remain in the future at the observed historical levels. During the period 2071–2099, an overall excess of 46,690 and 117,333 AD per year is expected under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios respectively, in addition to the 16,303 AD estimated under the historical scenario. Mediterranean and Eastern European countries will be the most affected by heat, but a non-negligible impact will be still registered in North-continental countries. Policies and plans for heat mitigation and adaptation are needed and urgent in European countries in order to prevent the expected increase of heat-related deaths in the coming decades.

ACS Style

Vladimir Kendrovski; Michela Baccini; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Tanja Wolf; Elizabet Paunovic; Bettina Menne. Quantifying Projected Heat Mortality Impacts under 21st-Century Warming Conditions for Selected European Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 729 .

AMA Style

Vladimir Kendrovski, Michela Baccini, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Tanja Wolf, Elizabet Paunovic, Bettina Menne. Quantifying Projected Heat Mortality Impacts under 21st-Century Warming Conditions for Selected European Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (7):729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vladimir Kendrovski; Michela Baccini; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Tanja Wolf; Elizabet Paunovic; Bettina Menne. 2017. "Quantifying Projected Heat Mortality Impacts under 21st-Century Warming Conditions for Selected European Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 729.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2016 in BMC Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Excessive summer heat is a serious environmental health problem in Skopje, the capital and largest city of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This paper attempts to forecast the impact of heat on mortality in Skopje in two future periods under climate change and compare it with a historical baseline period. After ascertaining the relationship between daily mean ambient air temperature and daily mortality in Skopje, we modelled the evolution of ambient temperatures in the city under a Representative Concentration Pathway scenario (RCP8.5) and the evolution of the city population in two future time periods: 2026–2045 and 2081–2100, and in a past time period (1986–2005) to serve as baseline for comparison. We then calculated the projected average annual mortality attributable to heat in the absence of adaptation or acclimatization during those time windows, and evaluated the contribution of each source of uncertainty on the final impact. Our estimates suggest that, compared to the baseline period (1986–2005), heat-related mortality in Skopje would more than double in 2026–2045, and more than quadruple in 2081–2100. When considering the impact in 2081–2100, sampling variability around the heat–mortality relationship and climate model explained 40.3 and 46.6 % of total variability. These results highlight the importance of a long-term perspective in the public health prevention of heat exposure, particularly in the context of a changing climate.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Michela Baccini; Koen De Ridder; Hans Hooyberghs; Wouter Lefebvre; Vladimir Kendrovski; Kristen Scott; Margarita Spasenovska. Projected heat-related mortality under climate change in the metropolitan area of Skopje. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Michela Baccini, Koen De Ridder, Hans Hooyberghs, Wouter Lefebvre, Vladimir Kendrovski, Kristen Scott, Margarita Spasenovska. Projected heat-related mortality under climate change in the metropolitan area of Skopje. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Michela Baccini; Koen De Ridder; Hans Hooyberghs; Wouter Lefebvre; Vladimir Kendrovski; Kristen Scott; Margarita Spasenovska. 2016. "Projected heat-related mortality under climate change in the metropolitan area of Skopje." BMC Public Health 16, no. 1: 1-12.

Review
Published: 16 November 2015 in Climate
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The evidence of observed health effects as well as projections of future health risks from climate variability and climate change is growing. This article summarizes new knowledge on these health risks generated since the IPCC fourth assessment report (AR4) was published in 2007, with a specific focus on the 53 countries comprising the WHO European Region. Many studies on the effects of weather, climate variability, and climate change on health in the European Region have been published since 2007, increasing the level of certainty with regard to already known health threats. Exposures to temperature extremes, floods, storms, and wildfires have effects on cardiovascular and respiratory health. Climate- and weather-related health risks from worsening food and water safety and security, poor air quality, and ultraviolet radiation exposure as well as increasing allergic diseases, vector- and rodent-borne diseases, and other climate-sensitive health outcomes also warrant attention and policy action to protect human health.

ACS Style

Tanja Wolf; Katrina Lyne; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Vladimir Kendrovski. The Health Effects of Climate Change in the WHO European Region. Climate 2015, 3, 901 -936.

AMA Style

Tanja Wolf, Katrina Lyne, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Vladimir Kendrovski. The Health Effects of Climate Change in the WHO European Region. Climate. 2015; 3 (4):901-936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Wolf; Katrina Lyne; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Vladimir Kendrovski. 2015. "The Health Effects of Climate Change in the WHO European Region." Climate 3, no. 4: 901-936.

Review
Published: 14 July 2015 in Climate
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Economic evidence is a key component of public policy responses to complex societal and health problems, including climate change. Activities to protect human health from climate change should routinely be evaluated not only in terms of their effectiveness or unintended consequences, but also in terms of the health damage cost of inaction, the cost of health adaptation, and the monetized benefits of different alternatives. In this paper we reviewed the economic evidence on the health impacts of climate change and health-relevant adaptation within the 53 Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, including grey literature and conventional scientific literature. We found that the evidence base on the health economics of climate change is scarce, incomplete and inconsistent. Despite these shortcomings, the existing evidence clearly indicates that adaptation to avert the health impacts of climate change could provide substantial economic benefits, particularly in the poorer areas of the Region.

ACS Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Eloise Williams; Shwe Sin Yu. The Economics of Health Damage and Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe: A Review of the Conventional and Grey Literature. Climate 2015, 3, 522 -541.

AMA Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Eloise Williams, Shwe Sin Yu. The Economics of Health Damage and Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe: A Review of the Conventional and Grey Literature. Climate. 2015; 3 (3):522-541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Eloise Williams; Shwe Sin Yu. 2015. "The Economics of Health Damage and Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe: A Review of the Conventional and Grey Literature." Climate 3, no. 3: 522-541.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2014 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

“How far are we in implementing climate change and health action in the WHO European Region?” This was the question addressed to representatives of WHO European Member States of the working group on health in climate change (HIC). Twenty-two Member States provided answers to a comprehensive questionnaire that focused around eight thematic areas (Governance; Vulnerability, impact and adaptation (health) assessments; Adaptation strategies and action plans; Climate change mitigation; Strengthening health systems; Raising awareness and building capacity; Greening health services; and Sharing best practices). Strong areas of development are climate change vulnerability and impact assessments, as well as strengthening health systems and awareness raising. Areas where implementation would benefit from further action are the development of National Health Adaptation Plans, greening health systems, sharing best practice and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors. At the Parma Conference in 2010, the European Ministerial Commitment to Act on climate change and health and the European Regional Framework for Action to protect health from climate change were endorsed by fifty three European Member States. The results of this questionnaire are the most comprehensive assessment so far of the progress made by WHO European Member States to protecting public health from climate change since the agreements in Parma and the World Health Assembly Resolution in 2008.

ACS Style

Tanja Wolf; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Hae-Kwan Cheong; Eloise Williams; Bettina Menne. Protecting Health from Climate Change in the WHO European Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014, 11, 6265 -6280.

AMA Style

Tanja Wolf, Gerardo Sanchez Martinez, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Eloise Williams, Bettina Menne. Protecting Health from Climate Change in the WHO European Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11 (6):6265-6280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Wolf; Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Hae-Kwan Cheong; Eloise Williams; Bettina Menne. 2014. "Protecting Health from Climate Change in the WHO European Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 6: 6265-6280.