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The way in which transcriptional activity overcomes the physical DNA structure and gene regulation mechanisms involves complex processes that are not yet fully understood. Modifications in the cytosine-guanine sequence of DNA by 5-mC are preferentially located in heterochromatic regions and are related to gene silencing. Herein, we investigate evidence of epigenetic regulation related to the B chromosome model and transposable elements in A. scabripinnis. Indirect immunofluorescence using anti-5-mC to mark methylated regions was employed along with quantitative ELISA to determine the total genomic DNA methylation level. 5-mC signals were dispersed in the chromosomes of both females and males, with preferential accumulation in the B chromosome. In addition to the heterochromatic methylated regions, our results suggest that methylation is associated with transposable elements (LINE and Tc1-Mariner). Heterochromatin content was measured based on the C-band length in relation to the size of chromosome 1. The B chromosome in A. scabripinnis comprises heterochromatin located in the pericentromeric region of both arms of this isochromosome. In this context, individuals with B chromosomes should have an increased heterochromatin content when compared to individuals that do not. Although, both heterochromatin content and genome methylation showed no significant differences between sexes or in relation to the occurrence of B chromosomes. Our evidence suggests that the B chromosome can have a compensation effect on the heterochromatin content and that methylation possibly operates to silence TEs in A. scabripinnis. This represents a sui generis compensation and gene activity buffering mechanism.
Patrícia Barbosa; Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff; André Marques; Maelin da Silva; Giovani Favero; Bernardo Sobreiro; Mara de Almeida; Orlando Moreira-Filho; Duílio Silva; Fábio Porto-Foresti; Fausto Foresti; Roberto Artoni. Silencing of Transposable Elements Mediated by 5-mC and Compensation of the Heterochromatin Content by Presence of B Chromosomes in Astyanax scabripinnis. Cells 2021, 10, 1162 .
AMA StylePatrícia Barbosa, Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff, André Marques, Maelin da Silva, Giovani Favero, Bernardo Sobreiro, Mara de Almeida, Orlando Moreira-Filho, Duílio Silva, Fábio Porto-Foresti, Fausto Foresti, Roberto Artoni. Silencing of Transposable Elements Mediated by 5-mC and Compensation of the Heterochromatin Content by Presence of B Chromosomes in Astyanax scabripinnis. Cells. 2021; 10 (5):1162.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrícia Barbosa; Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff; André Marques; Maelin da Silva; Giovani Favero; Bernardo Sobreiro; Mara de Almeida; Orlando Moreira-Filho; Duílio Silva; Fábio Porto-Foresti; Fausto Foresti; Roberto Artoni. 2021. "Silencing of Transposable Elements Mediated by 5-mC and Compensation of the Heterochromatin Content by Presence of B Chromosomes in Astyanax scabripinnis." Cells 10, no. 5: 1162.
Brown spider envenomation results in dermonecrosis with gravitational spreading characterized by a marked inflammatory reaction and with lower prevalence of systemic manifestations such as renal failure and hematological disturbances. Several toxins make up the venom of these species, and they are mainly peptides and proteins ranging from 5-40 kDa. The venoms have three major families of toxins: phospholipases-D, astacin-like metalloproteases, and the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) peptides. Serine proteases, serpins, hyaluronidases, venom allergens, and a translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) are also present. Toxins hold essential biological properties that enable interactions with a range of distinct molecular targets. Therefore, the application of toxins as research tools and clinical products motivates repurposing their uses of interest. This review aims to discuss possibilities for brown spider venom toxins as putative models for designing molecules likely for therapeutics based on the status quo of brown spider venoms. Herein, we explore new possibilities for the venom components in the context of their biochemical and biological features, likewise their cellular targets, three-dimensional structures, and mechanisms of action.
Daniele Moreira; Fernando Hitomi Matsubara; Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff; Elidiana De Bona; Vanessa Ribeiro Heidemann; Clara Guerra-Duarte; Luiza Helena Gremski; Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui; Andrea Senff-Ribeiro; Olga Meiri Chaim; Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni; Silvio Sanches Veiga. Brown Spider (Loxosceles) Venom Toxins as Potential Biotools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics. Toxins 2019, 11, 355 .
AMA StyleDaniele Moreira, Fernando Hitomi Matsubara, Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff, Elidiana De Bona, Vanessa Ribeiro Heidemann, Clara Guerra-Duarte, Luiza Helena Gremski, Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui, Andrea Senff-Ribeiro, Olga Meiri Chaim, Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni, Silvio Sanches Veiga. Brown Spider (Loxosceles) Venom Toxins as Potential Biotools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniele Moreira; Fernando Hitomi Matsubara; Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff; Elidiana De Bona; Vanessa Ribeiro Heidemann; Clara Guerra-Duarte; Luiza Helena Gremski; Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui; Andrea Senff-Ribeiro; Olga Meiri Chaim; Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni; Silvio Sanches Veiga. 2019. "Brown Spider (Loxosceles) Venom Toxins as Potential Biotools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics." Toxins 11, no. 6: 355.