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Dr. Karmegam Natchimuthu
Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem - 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India

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0 Biomass valorization
0 Composting and Vermicomposting
0 Waste management strategies
0 Advances in wastewater treatment technologies
0 Green nano-technologies

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Review article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Environmental Pollution
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Surface and water bodies in many parts of the world are affected due to eutrophication, contamination and depletion. The approach of wastewater treatment using algae for eliminating nutrients and other pollutants from domestic wastewater is growing interest among the researchers. However, sustainable treatment of the wastewater is considered to be important in establishing more effective nutrient and pollutant reduction using algal systems. In comparison to the conventional method of remediation, there are opportunities to commercially viable businesses interest with phycoremediation, thus by achieving cost reductions and renewable bioenergy options. Phycoremediation is an intriguing stage for treating wastewater since it provides tertiary bio-treatment while producing potentially valuable biomass that may be used for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the phycoremediation provides the ability to remove heavy metals as well as harmful organic substances, without producing secondary contamination. In this review, the role of microalgae in treating different wastewaters and the process parameters affecting the treatment and future scope of research have been discussed. Though several algae are employed for wastewater treatment, species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus are extensively utilized. Interestingly, there is a vast scope for employing algal species with high flocculation capacity and adsorption mechanisms for the elimination of microplastics. In addition, the algal biomass generated during phycoremediation has been found to possess high protein and lipid contents, promising their exploitation in biofuel, food and animal feed industries.

ACS Style

Stephen Dayana Priyadharshini; Palanisamy Suresh Babu; Sivasubramanian Manikandan; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Phycoremediation of wastewater for pollutant removal: A green approach to environmental protection and long-term remediation. Environmental Pollution 2021, 290, 117989 .

AMA Style

Stephen Dayana Priyadharshini, Palanisamy Suresh Babu, Sivasubramanian Manikandan, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Muthusamy Govarthanan, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Phycoremediation of wastewater for pollutant removal: A green approach to environmental protection and long-term remediation. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 290 ():117989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephen Dayana Priyadharshini; Palanisamy Suresh Babu; Sivasubramanian Manikandan; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2021. "Phycoremediation of wastewater for pollutant removal: A green approach to environmental protection and long-term remediation." Environmental Pollution 290, no. : 117989.

Review
Published: 30 June 2021 in Environmental Technology & Innovation
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Because of their intrinsic potential to produce metabolic effects on the human body at smaller concentrations, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a distinct category of emerging environmental pollutants. Due to their widespread intake, limited metabolic capacity, and indecorous disposal, PPCPs pollutants are commonly found in water supplies and wastewater treatment plants. If partly oxidized PPCPs are introduced into wastewater treatment plants, they will disrupt biological wastewater treatment procedures. As a result, traditional wastewater treatment plants are inadequate for PPCPs elimination. PPCPs have been effectively eliminated using advanced oxidation methods such as electrochemical oxidation, ultrasonication, and ionizing radiation. This review summarizes recent studies on the removal of PPCPs by advanced oxidation processes, as well as knowledge useful for applying these processes in water and wastewater treatment. The degradation of different classes of PPCPs has been reviewed to analyze (i) significant factors — initial concentration of PPCPs, ultrasonication power, radiation dose, current density, temperature, pH, time, and effect of catalysts; (ii) degradation efficiency of the processes when applied in combination with other advanced oxidation methods; (iii) key factors that affect the removal of PPCPs based on their properties. In addition, suggestions for future studies on advanced oxidation methods and their limitations were discussed. Overall, this review could aid in providing an in-depth understanding of the current research trends concerning PPCPs and advanced oxidation processes.

ACS Style

Radhakrishnan Yedhu Krishnan; Sivasubramanian Manikandan; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Muniyandi Biruntha; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Removal of emerging micropollutants originating from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes: A review. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2021, 23, 101757 .

AMA Style

Radhakrishnan Yedhu Krishnan, Sivasubramanian Manikandan, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Muniyandi Biruntha, Muthusamy Govarthanan, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Removal of emerging micropollutants originating from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes: A review. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2021; 23 ():101757.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Radhakrishnan Yedhu Krishnan; Sivasubramanian Manikandan; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Muniyandi Biruntha; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2021. "Removal of emerging micropollutants originating from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes: A review." Environmental Technology & Innovation 23, no. : 101757.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in Chemosphere
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Fungi produce enzymes that degrade the complex lignin thereby enabling the efficient utilization of plant lignocellulosic biomass in the production of biofuel and cellulose-based products. In the present study, the agricultural residues such as paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were used as substrates for the biodegradation by Aspergillus nomius (MN700028) and Trichoderma harzianum (MN700029) isolated from gut of the termite, Odontotermes obesus and fungus comb in the termite mound, respectively. The influence of varying concentrations of different carbon sources, pH, and temperature on ligninolytic enzyme production was examined under laboratory conditions. The highest activities of manganese peroxidase (0.24 U/mL), lignin peroxidase (10.38 U/mL) and laccase (0.05 U/mL) were observed under studied conditions. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for 45 days showed that A. nomius and T. harzianum degraded 84.4% and 81.66% of hemicelluloses, 8.16% and 93.75% of cellulose, and 52.59% and 65% of lignin, respectively. The interaction of pH, temperature, and different carbon sources with fungal biomass and enzyme production was found significant (p ≤ 0.05). SEM analysis indicated alterations in the microstructures of degraded lignocellulosic substrates. A. nomius and T. harzianum were highly efficient in ligninolytic enzymes production and in vitro digestibility of agricultural residues. The study reports the production of laccase by A. nomius isolated from termite gut for the first time. The fungal isolates A. nomius and T. harzianum posses potential for ligninocellulosic waste degradation.

ACS Style

Velayuthan Sijinamanoj; Thangavelu Muthukumar; Muthuraja Raji; Kathirvel Rayappan; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Kulandaivel Saminathan; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Palanisamy Kathireswari. Ligninolytic valorization of agricultural residues by Aspergillus nomius and Trichoderma harzianum isolated from gut and comb of Odontotermes obesus (Termitidae). Chemosphere 2021, 284, 131384 .

AMA Style

Velayuthan Sijinamanoj, Thangavelu Muthukumar, Muthuraja Raji, Kathirvel Rayappan, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Kulandaivel Saminathan, Muthusamy Govarthanan, Palanisamy Kathireswari. Ligninolytic valorization of agricultural residues by Aspergillus nomius and Trichoderma harzianum isolated from gut and comb of Odontotermes obesus (Termitidae). Chemosphere. 2021; 284 ():131384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Velayuthan Sijinamanoj; Thangavelu Muthukumar; Muthuraja Raji; Kathirvel Rayappan; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Kulandaivel Saminathan; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Palanisamy Kathireswari. 2021. "Ligninolytic valorization of agricultural residues by Aspergillus nomius and Trichoderma harzianum isolated from gut and comb of Odontotermes obesus (Termitidae)." Chemosphere 284, no. : 131384.

Review
Published: 02 April 2021 in Chemosphere
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The industrial revolution and indiscriminate usage of a wide spectrum of agrochemicals account for the dumping of heavy metals in the environment. In-situ/ex-situ physicochemical, and bioremediation strategies with pros and cons have been adopted for recovering metal contaminated soils and water. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for a cost-effective and environment-friendly technique to combat metal pollution. Biochar combined with earthworms and vermifiltration is a suitable emerging technique for the remediation of metal-polluted soils and water. The chemical substances (e.g., sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid) have been used to activate biochar, which also faces several shortcomings. Studies reveal that extracellular enzymes have been used to activate biochar which is produced by earthworms and microbes that can alter the surface of the biochar. The present review focuses on the global scenario of metal pollution and its remediation through biochar activation using earthworms. The earthworms and biochar can produce “vermibiochar” which is capable of reducing the metal ions from contaminated water and soils. The vermifiltration can be a suitable technology for metal removal from wastewater/effluent. Thus, the biochar has a trick of producing entirely new options at a time when vermifiltration and other technologies are least expected. Further attention to the biochar-assisted vermifiltration of different sources of wastewater is required to be explored for the large-scale utilization of the process.

ACS Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Mukesh Kumar Awasthi; Soundarapandian Kannan. Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water. Chemosphere 2021, 278, 130458 .

AMA Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Ramasundaram Thangaraj, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Balasubramani Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Soundarapandian Kannan. Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water. Chemosphere. 2021; 278 ():130458.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Mukesh Kumar Awasthi; Soundarapandian Kannan. 2021. "Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water." Chemosphere 278, no. : 130458.

Research article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Environmental Technology & Innovation
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With rising urban sprawl, the rural villages are getting transformed into urban villages and land constraints are increasing in cities, so it is difficult to designate land for farming. In this case for ensuring food security, innovative technologies like vertical indoor farming through vermiponics and aquaponics can be an alternative option for urban farming. The present study highlights the evaluation of growth and biochemical characteristics of a green vegetable, Amaranthus viridis L. in different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of cattle dung derived vermiwash (vermiponics) and aquarium water (aquaponics) with tap water as a control. The growth indices such as shoot length, root weight, shoot weight, number of primary and secondary roots, the total number of leaves, leaf area, and wet weight of Amaranthus viridis were significantly higher in 100% vermiponics (P<0.05). A maximum of 1.96 mg/g protein and 0.98 mg/g carbohydrates was recorded in 100% vermiwash treatment. Vermiwash showed significantly higher nutrients than aquarium water, which probably influenced the growth and biochemical indices of Amaranthus viridis. Conclusively, the integration of vermitechnology with hydroponics technology in vertical indoor farming can be a suitable and sustainable alternative for the futuristic urban farming methods.

ACS Style

Madathil Peedika Deepthi; Sundaram Nivethitha; Kulandaivel Saminathan; Ramasamy Thangavelu Narendhirakannan; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Palanisamy Kathireswari. Effect of vermiwash prepared from livestock biowaste as vermiponics medium on the growth and biochemical indices of Amaranthus viridis L. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2020, 21, 101300 .

AMA Style

Madathil Peedika Deepthi, Sundaram Nivethitha, Kulandaivel Saminathan, Ramasamy Thangavelu Narendhirakannan, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Palanisamy Kathireswari. Effect of vermiwash prepared from livestock biowaste as vermiponics medium on the growth and biochemical indices of Amaranthus viridis L. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2020; 21 ():101300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Madathil Peedika Deepthi; Sundaram Nivethitha; Kulandaivel Saminathan; Ramasamy Thangavelu Narendhirakannan; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Palanisamy Kathireswari. 2020. "Effect of vermiwash prepared from livestock biowaste as vermiponics medium on the growth and biochemical indices of Amaranthus viridis L." Environmental Technology & Innovation 21, no. : 101300.

Review article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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The current review reports the importance and significance of cattle solid waste in vermicomposting technology concerning biowaste pollution in the environment. Needy increasing population evokes livestock production resulting in the massive generation of livestock wastes, especially cattle dung. Improper disposal and handling of biowastes originating from agriculture, industries, forests, rural and urban areas lead to nutrient loss, environmental pollution and health risks. Among the organic waste disposal methods available, vermicomposting is regarded as an environmentally friendly technology for bioconversion of agricultural, industrial, rural and urban generated organic solid wastes which are serving as reservoirs of environmental pollution. In vermicomposting of organic wastes, cattle dung plays a central role in mineralization, nutrient recovery, earthworm and microbial activity leading to vermifertilizer production. Even though the vermicomposting studies use cattle dung invariably as an amendment material, its importance has not been reviewed to highlight its central role. Hence, the present review mainly emphasizes the key role played by cattle dung in vermicomposting. Vermiconversion of cattle dung alone and in combination with other biowaste materials of environmental concern, mechanisms involved and benefits of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture are the major objectives addressed in the present review. The analysis reveals that cattle dung is indispensable amendment material for vermicomposting technology to ensure agricultural and environmental sustainability by reducing pollution risks associated with biowastes on one hand, and nutrient-rich benign vermifertilizer production on the other hand.

ACS Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Centrality of cattle solid wastes in vermicomposting technology – A cleaner resource recovery and biowaste recycling option for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Environmental Pollution 2020, 268, 115688 .

AMA Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Ramasundaram Thangaraj, Balasubramani Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Centrality of cattle solid wastes in vermicomposting technology – A cleaner resource recovery and biowaste recycling option for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 268 ():115688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2020. "Centrality of cattle solid wastes in vermicomposting technology – A cleaner resource recovery and biowaste recycling option for agricultural and environmental sustainability." Environmental Pollution 268, no. : 115688.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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Vermitransformation of coir pith (CP) into enriched vermifertilizer has been achieved by amending a green-manure plant, Sesbania sesban (SS) for the first time, and cow dung (CD) in five different combinations: T1(1:0:1), T2(4:3:3), T3(5:3:2), T4(5:4:1) and T5(1:1:0). The substrates were 28 days precomposted with Pleurotus sajor-caju followed by 50 days vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Results showed a significant reduction in cellulose, lignin, organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and an increase in plant nutrients compared to control. The fertilization index and efficiency of nutrient recovery rate were higher in SS and CD amended CP vermicompost, with a maximum in T2(4:3:3) for E. fetida and T3(5:3:2) for E. eugeniae. The activity of dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase, and phytotoxicity assays further revealed vermicompost stability. The study concludes that T2(4:3:3) and T3(5:3:2) combinations respectively for E. fetida and E. eugeniae is suitable for vermitransformation of CP into enriched vermicompost.

ACS Style

Natchimuthu Karmegam; Mani Jayakumar; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Ponnuchamy Kumar; Balasubramani Ravindran; Muniyandi Biruntha. Precomposting and green manure amendment for effective vermitransformation of hazardous coir industrial waste into enriched vermicompost. Bioresource Technology 2020, 319, 124136 .

AMA Style

Natchimuthu Karmegam, Mani Jayakumar, Muthusamy Govarthanan, Ponnuchamy Kumar, Balasubramani Ravindran, Muniyandi Biruntha. Precomposting and green manure amendment for effective vermitransformation of hazardous coir industrial waste into enriched vermicompost. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 319 ():124136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natchimuthu Karmegam; Mani Jayakumar; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Ponnuchamy Kumar; Balasubramani Ravindran; Muniyandi Biruntha. 2020. "Precomposting and green manure amendment for effective vermitransformation of hazardous coir industrial waste into enriched vermicompost." Bioresource Technology 319, no. : 124136.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Chemosphere
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Microplastics (MPs) are one of the marine debris, accumulated in the ocean as a result of the successive breakdown of a large piece of plastics over several years. MPs are about less than 5 mM, have a detrimental impact on marine organisms/products (seafood/sea salts) and therefore they are considered as a global environmental pollutant. The occurrence and impact of MPs in commercial sea salts that are consumed by humans are not well studied so far. In the present study, we attempted to characterize and evaluate the in vitro toxicity of isolated MPs. Here, we have used ten brands of commercial sea salts of different origins for the identification and characterization of MPs. The average abundance of MPs in all commercial brands is <700 MPs/kg and the particle size range between 5.2 mM to 3.8 μM. The most common types of MPs were identified as fragments, fibers, and pellets. By Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), it was found that the MPs in abundance were made of cellophane (CP), polystyrene (PR), polyamide (PA) and polyarylether (PAR). Further, in vitro toxicity assessment revealed that HEK-293 cells get detached upon treatment with MPs (MIC-75 μg mL-1) Consequently, the AO/EB dual staining confirmed that the induction and rate of apoptosis were comparatively higher in microplastic treated HEK-293 cells. Taken together, the MPs identified are the origin of anthropogenic derivatives and they exert a lethal effect on human cells, which might be associated with health risk complications in human beings.

ACS Style

M. Sivagami; M. Selvambigai; U. Devan; A. Antony Joseph Velangani; N. Karmegam; M. Biruntha; Alagarsamy Arun; W. Kim; M. Govarthanan; P. Kumar. Extraction of microplastics from commonly used sea salts in India and their toxicological evaluation. Chemosphere 2020, 263, 128181 .

AMA Style

M. Sivagami, M. Selvambigai, U. Devan, A. Antony Joseph Velangani, N. Karmegam, M. Biruntha, Alagarsamy Arun, W. Kim, M. Govarthanan, P. Kumar. Extraction of microplastics from commonly used sea salts in India and their toxicological evaluation. Chemosphere. 2020; 263 ():128181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Sivagami; M. Selvambigai; U. Devan; A. Antony Joseph Velangani; N. Karmegam; M. Biruntha; Alagarsamy Arun; W. Kim; M. Govarthanan; P. Kumar. 2020. "Extraction of microplastics from commonly used sea salts in India and their toxicological evaluation." Chemosphere 263, no. : 128181.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2020 in Chemosphere
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The invasive weed, Ipomoea staphylina (IS) with cow dung (CD) and mushroom spent straw (MS) in four different combinations (IS:CD:MS), V1 (1:1:0), V2 (2:1:1), V3 (1:0:1) and V4 (1:1:1) were pre-decomposed for 21 days followed by 50 days vermicomposting using Eudrilus eugeniae in triplicates in order to alleviate and to utilize the weed biomass in an environment-friendly manner. The contents of organic matter, organic carbon, cellulose, lignin, C/N and C/P ratios showed a decrease, while electrical conductivity, total NPK, calcium, sodium, and nitrate-nitrogen showed a significant increase in vermicompost over control. Water-soluble organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratio and C/N ratio in V1 (0.52 and 17.55) and V4 (0.43 and 16.56), respectively, were in conformity with the maturity of vermicomposts. Scanning electron micrographs of the end products clearly showed more fragmented, fine, and porous particles in vermicompost. Copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, and zinc in vermicomposts were below the permissible limits. Dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and protease activities were significantly higher in VT4 than other treatments, implying the role of MS and CD addition during vermicomposting. Though V3 combination supported worm biomass, V4 combination was found to favor the fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae. Results reveal that 1:1:1 combination of SI+CD+MS (V4) is suitable for utilizing the weed biomass for vermicompost production and nutrient recovery. From the biomass of environmentally problematic weed, Ipomoea staphylina, nutrient-rich vermicompost can be produced through vermitechnology for sustainable environmental management and agriculture.

ACS Style

Ramalingam Balachandar; Muniyandi Biruntha; Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Ponnuchamy Kumar; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Earthworm intervened nutrient recovery and greener production of vermicompost from Ipomoea staphylina – An invasive weed with emerging environmental challenges. Chemosphere 2020, 263, 128080 .

AMA Style

Ramalingam Balachandar, Muniyandi Biruntha, Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Ramasundaram Thangaraj, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Muthusamy Govarthanan, Ponnuchamy Kumar, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Earthworm intervened nutrient recovery and greener production of vermicompost from Ipomoea staphylina – An invasive weed with emerging environmental challenges. Chemosphere. 2020; 263 ():128080.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramalingam Balachandar; Muniyandi Biruntha; Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Muthusamy Govarthanan; Ponnuchamy Kumar; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2020. "Earthworm intervened nutrient recovery and greener production of vermicompost from Ipomoea staphylina – An invasive weed with emerging environmental challenges." Chemosphere 263, no. : 128080.

Journal article
Published: 06 August 2020 in Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
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Microbial production of xylanase is gaining the commercial importance, due to its wide range of applications from paper and pulp to food and feed industries. Streptomyces geysiriensis was used for the production of extracellular xylanase from lignocellulosic substrates such as rice bran and saw dust, under solid-state fermentation. The influence of pH, temperature and incubation period for the maximum production of xylanase was investigated with 1:2 (w/v) of substrate to moisture ratio at 100 rpm shaking conditions. The maximum production was recorded after 5 days of fermentation with pH 8.0 at 40 °C. The scale-up was done based on the results of optimized parameters using 3 L Applikon autoclavable bioreactor with maximum yield of 186 U/ml after 4 days of fermentation. Extracellular xylanase was separated by partitioning in aqueous two-phase system consisting of 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 and 12% K2HPO4 with maximum yield of 93.97%. The investigation of the effect of pH and temperature and its incubation time showed that xylanase was retained its activity in a pH range of 6.5–8.5, with thermal stability from 20 °C to 60 °C up to 180 min. The presence of metal ions was found to inhibit the activity of xylanase especially Cu2+ and Zn2+. Xylanase was stable both at 4 °C and room temperature (35 °C) for 30 and 9 days respectively. The kinetic parameters Km (0.48 mg/ml) and Vmax (8.33 U/mg) were determined using birchwood xylan as substrate.

ACS Style

Shanmugam Poornima; Palanisamy Divya; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Vivekanandhan Karthik; Ramasamy Subbaiya. Aqueous two-phase partitioning and characterization of xylanase produced by Streptomyces geysiriensis from low cost lignocellulosic substrates. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2020, 130, 571 -576.

AMA Style

Shanmugam Poornima, Palanisamy Divya, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Vivekanandhan Karthik, Ramasamy Subbaiya. Aqueous two-phase partitioning and characterization of xylanase produced by Streptomyces geysiriensis from low cost lignocellulosic substrates. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 2020; 130 (6):571-576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanmugam Poornima; Palanisamy Divya; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Vivekanandhan Karthik; Ramasamy Subbaiya. 2020. "Aqueous two-phase partitioning and characterization of xylanase produced by Streptomyces geysiriensis from low cost lignocellulosic substrates." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 130, no. 6: 571-576.

Review
Published: 18 July 2020 in Industrial Crops and Products
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In the last few decades, an enormous number of industrial sectors have been developed particularly, leather industries. The leather industries consume a large quantity of freshwater and various chemical substances during the leather making process and eject different solid waste materials, hides, buffing dust materials, and wastewater sludge. Besides, leather industrial wastes contain a significant amount of hazardous substances like heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and cobalt), aluminum sulfate, and magnesium oxide. Insecure disposal of wastewater sludge creates serious environmental problems in soil and groundwater. This situation warrants the easiest way to rationalize such conflicts through urgent environment-friendly disposal technologies. The main objective of the present review is to highlight the remediation of leather industry wastewater sludge through eco-friendly vermiremediation employing earthworms. Additionally, earthworms and microorganisms can eliminate toxic chemical substances. The present review also addresses earthworm species employed in a polluted environment, factors (i.e., pH, humidity, and temperature) and amendment materials essential for the stimulation of earthworm activity. In the hope of moving past this state, the earthworms are used for in-situ and ex-situ remediation of leather waste materials. The present review points to the real significances of vermi-treated leather wastes as plant growth-promoting medium that is useful in the field of sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, the fastidiously gathered evidence proves that vermi-treatment would be a potential alternative strategy to our surroundings with improved agroecosystems.

ACS Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Mukesh Kumar Awasthi; Soundarapandian Kannan; Ramasundaram Thangaraj. Recycling of leather industrial sludge through vermitechnology for a cleaner environment—A review. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 155, 112791 .

AMA Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Balasubramani Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Soundarapandian Kannan, Ramasundaram Thangaraj. Recycling of leather industrial sludge through vermitechnology for a cleaner environment—A review. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 155 ():112791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Mukesh Kumar Awasthi; Soundarapandian Kannan; Ramasundaram Thangaraj. 2020. "Recycling of leather industrial sludge through vermitechnology for a cleaner environment—A review." Industrial Crops and Products 155, no. : 112791.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2020 in International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology
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ACS Style

R. Thangamani; L. Baskaran; M. Prakash; N. Karmegam. Effect of pre-composting on seed viability and subsequent vermicomposting of an invasive alien weed,Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 2020, 7, 37 -45.

AMA Style

R. Thangamani, L. Baskaran, M. Prakash, N. Karmegam. Effect of pre-composting on seed viability and subsequent vermicomposting of an invasive alien weed,Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. 2020; 7 (4):37-45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Thangamani; L. Baskaran; M. Prakash; N. Karmegam. 2020. "Effect of pre-composting on seed viability and subsequent vermicomposting of an invasive alien weed,Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 7, no. 4: 37-45.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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Seaweed (T1), sugarcane trash (T2), coir pith (T3) and vegetable waste (T4) with cowdung (1:1, w/w) were vermicomposted using Eudrilus eugeniae (50 days). The pH in vermicomposts showed a decrease while electrical conductivity showed increment. The organic matter content, organic carbon, lignin, cellulose, C/N and C/P ratios in vermicompost was significantly lower than compost. Total NPK contents of vermicompost were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) with 12.04–63.75%, 19.05–31.58% and 22.47–42.55%, respectively. The significantly higher growth rate of 1.41 and 7.74 mg/worm/day was observed in T1 on 10th and 50th day respectively, with 23.91 initial C/N ratio; while it was 0.85 and 4.81 mg/worm/day in T4 with 69.81 initial C/N ratio. A similar pattern was reflected in cocoon production, hatchling success and hatchling number/cocoon. Results revealed that vermicompost quality, worm growth, and reproduction depend on C/N ratio. The study suggests that amendment materials like cowdung are necessary to reduce C/N ratio for effective vermicomposting.

ACS Style

Muniyandi Biruntha; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Jeyaprakasam Archana; Balan Karunai Selvi; James Arockia John Paul; B. Balamuralikrishnan; S.W. Chang; B. Ravindran. Vermiconversion of biowastes with low-to-high C/N ratio into value added vermicompost. Bioresource Technology 2020, 297, 122398 .

AMA Style

Muniyandi Biruntha, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Jeyaprakasam Archana, Balan Karunai Selvi, James Arockia John Paul, B. Balamuralikrishnan, S.W. Chang, B. Ravindran. Vermiconversion of biowastes with low-to-high C/N ratio into value added vermicompost. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 297 ():122398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muniyandi Biruntha; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Jeyaprakasam Archana; Balan Karunai Selvi; James Arockia John Paul; B. Balamuralikrishnan; S.W. Chang; B. Ravindran. 2020. "Vermiconversion of biowastes with low-to-high C/N ratio into value added vermicompost." Bioresource Technology 297, no. : 122398.

Original paper
Published: 23 January 2020 in Environmental Geochemistry and Health
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The steady increase in the world’s population has intensified the need for crop productivity, but the majority of the agricultural practices are associated with adverse effects on the environment. Such undesired environmental outcomes may be mitigated by utilizing biological agents as part of farming practice. The present review article summarizes the analyses of the current status of global agriculture and soil scenarios; a description of the role of earthworms and their products as better biofertilizer; and suggestions for the rejuvenation of such technology despite significant lapses and gaps in research and extension programs. By maintaining a close collaboration with farmers, we have recognized a shift in their attitude and renewed optimism toward nature-based green technology. Based on these relations, it is inferred that the application of earthworm-mediated vermitechnology increases sustainable development by strengthening the underlying economic, social and ecological framework.

ACS Style

Archana Singh; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Gopal Shankar Singh; Tunira Bhadauria; Soon Woong Chang; Mukesh Kumar Awasthi; Sivasubramaniam Sudhakar; Kantha Deivi Arunachalam; Muniyandi Biruntha; Balasubramani Ravindran. Earthworms and vermicompost: an eco-friendly approach for repaying nature’s debt. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2020, 42, 1617 -1642.

AMA Style

Archana Singh, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Gopal Shankar Singh, Tunira Bhadauria, Soon Woong Chang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Sivasubramaniam Sudhakar, Kantha Deivi Arunachalam, Muniyandi Biruntha, Balasubramani Ravindran. Earthworms and vermicompost: an eco-friendly approach for repaying nature’s debt. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2020; 42 (6):1617-1642.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Archana Singh; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Gopal Shankar Singh; Tunira Bhadauria; Soon Woong Chang; Mukesh Kumar Awasthi; Sivasubramaniam Sudhakar; Kantha Deivi Arunachalam; Muniyandi Biruntha; Balasubramani Ravindran. 2020. "Earthworms and vermicompost: an eco-friendly approach for repaying nature’s debt." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 6: 1617-1642.

Original paper
Published: 11 December 2019 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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Recovering the nutrients from organic solid residues is an ever demanding approach in terms of eco-friendly management. In this study, the efficiency of the earthworms, Perionyx ceylanensis and Perionyx excavatus in recycling and recovering plant nutrients from urban and agricultural biomass residues was investigated. Vermicomposting of four different types of organic biomass resources in combination with cowdung (1:1) for 50 days was conducted using the earthworms, P. ceylanensis, and P. excavatus. Physico-chemical, microbiological and maturity characteristics of the final product were analyzed. Results showed a decrease in pH, organic matter content (OMC), total organic carbon (TOC), cellulose, lignin, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) and carbon to phosphorus (C/P) ratios, and an increase in total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphorus (TP), potassium (TP), calcium and sodium in vermicomposts over composts (prepared without earthworms). TKN increase in vermicomposts over composts was insignificant between P. ceylanensis and P. excavatus, while it was significant for TP, TK, and total microbial population (P < 0.05). The reduction of TOC, OMC, C/N, and C/P ratios were significantly higher in vermicomposts recovered from P. ceylanensis than P. excavatus. The results clearly indicated that physico-chemical and microbiological changes are dependent on the nature of organic resources and earthworm species used. The seed germination tests with black gram and sorghum showed that the vermicomposts were mature and non-phytotoxic. P. ceylanensis is equally efficient in recovering nutrients from organic biomass residues to that of a widely used, P. excavatus. Therefore, both P. ceylanensis and P. excavatus are efficiently used for recovering nutrients from urban and agricultural biomass residues and for vermifertilizer production.

ACS Style

Muniyandi Biruntha; Pitchaimuthu Mariappan; Balan Karunai Selvi; James Arockia John Paul; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Vermiremediation of Urban and Agricultural Biomass Residues for Nutrient Recovery and Vermifertilizer Production. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2019, 11, 6483 -6497.

AMA Style

Muniyandi Biruntha, Pitchaimuthu Mariappan, Balan Karunai Selvi, James Arockia John Paul, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Vermiremediation of Urban and Agricultural Biomass Residues for Nutrient Recovery and Vermifertilizer Production. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2019; 11 (12):6483-6497.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muniyandi Biruntha; Pitchaimuthu Mariappan; Balan Karunai Selvi; James Arockia John Paul; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2019. "Vermiremediation of Urban and Agricultural Biomass Residues for Nutrient Recovery and Vermifertilizer Production." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 12: 6483-6497.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in Bioresource Technology
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Vermicomposting of pressmud with cow dung and nitrogenous green manures (Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala) was carried out using Eudrilus eugeniae (50 days). The reduction in pH, total organic carbon, C/N ratio, water-soluble organic carbon (Cws)/Norg and C/P ratios, and a pronounced increase in NPK contents and microbial population in vermicompost were observed. An enhanced TKN of 3.80% and 3.45% was recorded in vermicomposts of pressmud+cow dung+L. leucocephala (2:1:1) and pressmud+cow dung + G. sepium (2:1:1) respectively. The C/N and Cws/Norg ratios in vermicompost ranged from 11.86-16.66 and 0.53-1.33, respectively. The activity of dehydrogenase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase declined towards the end, indicating the progression of vermicompost maturity. The pressmud and green manure substrates promoted more biomass of E. eugeniae, while cow dung with green manure combination favored reproduction. The amendment of cow dung and green manure plants to pressmud (2:1:1 ratio) results in nutrient-enriched vermicompost production.

ACS Style

Ramalingam Balachandar; Logalakshmanan Baskaran; Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Enriched pressmud vermicompost production with green manure plants using Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresource Technology 2019, 299, 122578 .

AMA Style

Ramalingam Balachandar, Logalakshmanan Baskaran, Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Ramasundaram Thangaraj, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Balasubramani Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Enriched pressmud vermicompost production with green manure plants using Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresource Technology. 2019; 299 ():122578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramalingam Balachandar; Logalakshmanan Baskaran; Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Ramasundaram Thangaraj; Ramasamy Subbaiya; Balasubramani Ravindran; Soon Woong Chang; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2019. "Enriched pressmud vermicompost production with green manure plants using Eudrilus eugeniae." Bioresource Technology 299, no. : 122578.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2019 in International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology
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R. Balachandar; M. Prakash; N Karmegam. Statistical optimization of culture conditions for the production of bioactive compounds by Streptomyces spp. isolated from vermicasts. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 2019, 6, 1 -7.

AMA Style

R. Balachandar, M. Prakash, N Karmegam. Statistical optimization of culture conditions for the production of bioactive compounds by Streptomyces spp. isolated from vermicasts. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. 2019; 6 (12):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Balachandar; M. Prakash; N Karmegam. 2019. "Statistical optimization of culture conditions for the production of bioactive compounds by Streptomyces spp. isolated from vermicasts." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 6, no. 12: 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2019 in International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology
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ACS Style

R. Thangamani; L. Baskaran; N Karmegam. Alarming spread of invasive weeds: A qualitative assessment and scope for sustainable weed biomass utilization. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 2019, 6, 20 -25.

AMA Style

R. Thangamani, L. Baskaran, N Karmegam. Alarming spread of invasive weeds: A qualitative assessment and scope for sustainable weed biomass utilization. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. 2019; 6 (12):20-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Thangamani; L. Baskaran; N Karmegam. 2019. "Alarming spread of invasive weeds: A qualitative assessment and scope for sustainable weed biomass utilization." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 6, no. 12: 20-25.

Article
Published: 28 November 2019 in BioNanoScience
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In the present study, green synthesized zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) from the leaves of the medicinal plant, Abrus precatorius, were characterized and tested for toxicity using Eudrilus eugeniae. The formation of ZnS NPs through green synthesis was confirmed by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XRD analyses. The clitellate earthworms were used to assess the effect of ZnS NPs by exposing to ZnS NPs 300 mg ZnS NPs per kg of OECD soil. On 0, 7, and 14 days of exposures, the coelomic fluid of the earthworms were separated and analyzed for total protein and protein profile, activities of enzyme markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and protease. The results on the analysis of coelomic fluid of E. eugeniae after exposure to ZnS NPs showed a significant increase in protein content from the initial levels of 1.51 to 2.32 mg/mL with a protein profile of 25–40 kDa size. The activity of SOD was significantly (P < 0.05) declined from initial levels whereas CAT and protease showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase on 7th day of exposure then declined. The results indicate that the ZnS NPs in OECD soil significantly interfere with the protein and enzyme markers, SOD, CAT, and protease in earthworm coelomic fluid.

ACS Style

Muniyandi Biruntha; Jayaprakasam Archana; Kurumban Kavitha; Balan Karunai Selvi; James Arockia John Paul; Ramalingam Balachandar; Muthupandian Saravanan; Natchimuthu Karmegam. Green Synthesis of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles Using Abrus precatorius and Its Effect on Coelomic Fluid Protein Profile and Enzymatic Activity of the Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. BioNanoScience 2019, 10, 149 -156.

AMA Style

Muniyandi Biruntha, Jayaprakasam Archana, Kurumban Kavitha, Balan Karunai Selvi, James Arockia John Paul, Ramalingam Balachandar, Muthupandian Saravanan, Natchimuthu Karmegam. Green Synthesis of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles Using Abrus precatorius and Its Effect on Coelomic Fluid Protein Profile and Enzymatic Activity of the Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. BioNanoScience. 2019; 10 (1):149-156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muniyandi Biruntha; Jayaprakasam Archana; Kurumban Kavitha; Balan Karunai Selvi; James Arockia John Paul; Ramalingam Balachandar; Muthupandian Saravanan; Natchimuthu Karmegam. 2019. "Green Synthesis of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles Using Abrus precatorius and Its Effect on Coelomic Fluid Protein Profile and Enzymatic Activity of the Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae." BioNanoScience 10, no. 1: 149-156.

Journal article
Published: 15 November 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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In the present study, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus were used for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge in different combinations with cowdung for 60 days. A higher percentage of metal removal was observed in earthworm treated mixtures for cadmium (54.5%) followed by copper (36.0%), chromium (37.0%) and zinc (35.9%). Vermistabilized textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) showed a maximum percentage increase in total NPK, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes with a better earthworm survival rate. A higher amount of metallothionein protein was produced by E. eugeniae than P. excavatus. Further, 100% textile mill sludge showed a number of histological abnormalities like degeneration of cells, cellular debris, and uneven cellular compartmentation while textile mill sludge with cowdung showed normal earthworm histology. Results suggest that textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) combination is suitable for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge.

ACS Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Sudipta Tripathi; Soundarapandian Kannan; Ramasundaram Thangaraj. Environment-friendly management of textile mill wastewater sludge using epigeic earthworms: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and metallothionein production. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 254, 109813 .

AMA Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Sudipta Tripathi, Soundarapandian Kannan, Ramasundaram Thangaraj. Environment-friendly management of textile mill wastewater sludge using epigeic earthworms: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and metallothionein production. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 254 ():109813.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj; Natchimuthu Karmegam; Sudipta Tripathi; Soundarapandian Kannan; Ramasundaram Thangaraj. 2019. "Environment-friendly management of textile mill wastewater sludge using epigeic earthworms: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and metallothionein production." Journal of Environmental Management 254, no. : 109813.