Background: This study compares the levels of cytokines and bone‐related factors in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (CP); and better‐controlled, and poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes and CP.Methods: Thirty‐seven patients with type 2 diabetes and CP and 20 systemically healthy patients with CP were enrolled in this study. The patients with diabetes mellitus were categorized as better‐controlled (n = 17; HbA_1c levels ≤8%) or poorly controlled (n = 20; glycated hemoglobin values >8%). Levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐4, interferon (IFN)‐γ, IL‐23, IL‐17, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (sRANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in GCF of diseased sites were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, as a whole, upregulates the levels of OPG, sRANKL, IFN‐γ, IL‐17, and IL‐23 and downregulates the production of IL‐4 in sites with CP (P <0.05). Better‐controlled individuals exhibited the highest levels of IFN‐γ, whereas poorly controlled patients presented the highest levels of IL‐17 (P 0.05).Conclusions: Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and RANKL were observed in the GCF of patients with type 2 diabetes with CP, compared to patients without diabetes. In addition, poor or good glycemic status seems to modulate osteo‐immunoinflammatory mediators in a different manner.

Background: The present study aims to compare the performance of minimally invasive non‐surgical and surgical approaches for the therapy of intrabony defects.Methods: Twenty‐nine patients who presented with intrabony defects were randomly assigned to: 1) a minimally invasive non‐surgical technique (MINST) group, or 2) minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) group. The chair time of each therapeutic procedure was calculated. The probing depth (PD), position of the gingival margin (PGM) and relative clinical attachment level (RCAL) were evaluated at 3 and 6 months after treatments. The patient perception of discomfort/pain experienced during and after therapy and patient satisfaction regarding treatments were also evaluated.Results: Significant PD reductions, RCAL gains, and no changes in the PGM were obtained at 3 and 6 months in MINST and MIST groups (P 0.05). Patient‐oriented outcomes did not demonstrate differences between therapeutic approaches (P >0.05). Significant higher chair times were required in the MIST group than in the MINST group (P <0.05).Conclusions: Minimally invasive non‐surgical and surgical approaches were successfully used for the treatment of intrabony defects and achieved periodontal health in association with negligible morbidity and suitable patient satisfaction. However, non‐surgical therapeutic modality presented an advantage in terms of a reduction of treatment chair time.

Background: Resveratrol (3,4′,5‐trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring product found in numerous plants. Among its biologic properties, resveratrol may promote immunomodulatory effects on the host response. This study investigates the effect of continuous administration of resveratrol on the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats.Methods: Periodontitis was induced in rats in one of the first molars chosen to receive a ligature. Animals were assigned to one of two groups: 1) daily administration of the placebo solution (control group) or 2) 10 mg/kg resveratrol (RESV group). The therapies were administered systemically for 30 days: for 19 days before periodontitis induction and then for another 11 days. Then, the specimens were processed for morphometric analysis of bone loss, and the gingival tissue surrounding the first molar was collected for quantification of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, and IL‐17 using a multiplexing assay.Results: Intergroup comparisons of the morphometric outcomes revealed higher bone loss values in ligated molars and unligated teeth in the control group than the RESV group (P <0.05). The immunoenzymatic assay of the gingival tissue showed a lower concentration of IL‐17 in the RESV group than the control group (P 0.05).Conclusions: Continuous administration of resveratrol may decrease periodontal breakdown induced experimentally in rats. In addition, lower levels of IL‐17 were found in the RESV group. Future studies are important to confirm the mechanism through which resveratrol exerts its effects.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the gene expression of immune‐inflammatory markers in gingival biopsies of patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis (CP).Methods: Gingival biopsies were harvested from systemically and periodontally healthy patients (SPH), systemically healthy patients with CP (SHCP), and patients with better‐controlled and poorly controlled diabetes and CP. The levels of mRNA of interleukin (IL)‐17, IL‐6, IL‐23, IL‐10, IL‐4, interferon‐γ, toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2, TLR‐4, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor‐α, transforming growth factor‐β, transcription factor forkhead box p3, transcription factor orphan nuclear receptor C2 (RORC2), and receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results: All CP groups presented higher levels of mRNA of TLR‐2, TLR‐4, IL‐17, RANKL, and RAGE and a higher frequency of IL‐17 and TLR‐2 mRNA‐positive biopsies when compared to SPH (P <0.05). There was a higher frequency of detection of RORC2 in the biopsies from both groups with diabetes compared to the other groups (P <0.05). The frequency of IL‐4 mRNA‐positive tissues was lower in patients with diabetes compared to SHCP (P <0.05).Conclusion: CP, but not type 2 diabetes mellitus, significantly affected the expressions of the evaluated genes related to the innate and adaptive immune responses.