(1) Background: A significant proportion of child laborers are compelled to work in exploitative environments, and experience both deteriorating health and financial loss. The present study sought to determine the factors affecting child labor and the characteristics of their working environment. (2) Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted with 80 child laborers aged 5 to 17 years. Alongside descriptive statistics, a newly devised technique known as the Influencing Causes Index (ICI) was administered and tested. (3) Results: The demographic findings reveal that most child laborers are young children (12–14 years) and 32.5% of child laborers have never attended school. The thorough assessment of determinants reflects that not only poverty but schooling expenses and a lack of access to opportunities in primary schools are also the top-ranked push factors to trigger children towards labor. Around 72.5% of children work for over 8 h a day. A significant proportion of participants received no leave, training, or access to hygiene facilities. The existing pattern of employment and working conditions resulted in musculoskeletal pain and dermatological infections among child laborers (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: This research suggests that income measures for households and an education program for both children and parents would expedite the abolition of child labor.

Spillover Trends of Child Labor During the Coronavirus Crisis- an Unnoticed Wake-Up Call

Background and Aim: The emergence and rapid dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in different ecosystems is a growing concern to human health, animal health, and the environment in recent years. The study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from deer and nearby water sources at two different Safari parks in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A number of 55 fresh fecal samples of deer and six water samples from nearby lakes were collected from two Safari parks. Samples were processed, cultured, and carried out biochemical tests for E. coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. To identify the resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction was performed. Results: A total of 32 E. coli isolates from 55 fecal samples and 6 of 6 E. coli isolates from lake water were isolated. From fecal E. coli isolates, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole were 90.63% (n=29/32) resistant and 87.5% (n=28/32) were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid. High resistance was also observed to other antibiotics. On the contrary, all E. coli isolates from water sources were 100% (n=6/6) resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. MDR was revealed in all water samples, whereas 96.88% (n=31/32) was found in fecal isolates. A number of blaTEM, tetA, and Sul2 genes were detected from both isolates. Conclusion: This study for the 1st time highlights, a significant proportion of E. coli isolates in wildlife deer and nearby water sources were MDR in Bangladesh.

Child labourers are highly prone to maltreatment mostly perpetrated by members of their immediate family as well as employers and co-workers. This maltreatment is considered to be a serious public health issue. However, little is known about this form of violence. This study aimed to explore the views of key informants on the prevalence and attributes of perpetrators of the maltreatment of child labourers in Bangladesh. The key experts were paediatricians, journalists, academics, and government bureaucrats such as policy makers and Non-Government Organisation employees working in the area of child abuse or labour relations. Interviews were purposefully conducted via TEAMS with 17 expert participants. A thematic analysis using NVivo was used to analyse the data. The key informants were of the opinion that the prevalence of the maltreatment of child labourers was unknown. However, they were of the view that physical maltreatment of child labourers occurred between 70% and 100% of the time, while emotional abuse and neglect was estimated to be 100% followed by 50% for financial exploitation. Child maltreatment is more likely to occur in informal workplace environments. Biological and foster parents were considered the primary perpetrators, while employers and adult co-workers were considered secondary perpetrators. Perpetrators of child labour maltreatment were often characterized as having a history of childhood maltreatment themselves, a lack of knowledge of social awareness and parenting, and suffer from economic difficulties. The finding also calls into question the validity of key informant interviewing. Only the journalists, academics and medical experts had first-hand knowledge of the maltreatment of child labourers with experts in the NGO sector and government policy makers lacking detailed knowledge of the field.

Background. Paediatric patients in Australia experience lengthy wait times for Primary and Allied Healthcare Service (PAHCS) appointments. This results in a lack of satisfaction and adverse health outcomes. However, very few studies have explored wait times for appointments with PAHCSs in Australia. This study explored the length of wait time and associated barriers to timely access to paediatric PAHCSs in Australia. Methods. The scoping review followed PRISMA‐ScR guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses. We comprehensively searched for relevant studies from five databases, including Scopus, Emcare, Medline (via Ovid), CINAHL, and Google Scholar in August 2023 without any time limitations. Studies that reported qualitative findings on the wait times and associated barriers to timely accessing to PAHCSs were selected in this scoping review. We performed a reflexive thematic analysis using NVivo software in this review. Results. A total of seven studies out of ninety‐one retrieved records were eligible to be included in this review. Studies show that Australian children, in general, had to wait more than one year for health assessments and interventions in PAHCSs. The long waiting times were perceived as frustrating and worrying by caregivers of children. Several overarching themes related to the barriers of timely accessing to paediatric PAHCSs in Australia were identified, such as strict appointment criteria for children, disparity between demand and provision, parental unawareness, and inadequate public funding in rural PAHCSs. Conclusion. Australian paediatric patients are severely burdened with long wait times for appointments with PAHCSs, primarily, due to the poor government initiatives in rural PAHCSs. This study suggested that the criteria for booking an appointment in PAHCSs need to be simplified. Besides, adequate public health funding and the provision of resources are required in rural PAHCSs.