Medically qualified Research and Clinical Microbiologist (MD degree, University of Pisa Med School, 1972; Med Microbiol and Virol Specialty, University of Pisa, 1976). License in Medicine and Clinical Microbiology (Europe and Switzerland). Professor of Medical Microbiology at the Italian Medical Schools of Sassari with clinical appointment (1985-1989); Pisa (1989-1991); Pavia with clinical appointment (1991-1998); and Insubria, Varese with clinical appointment (1998-2018). Visiting Associate at the NIDR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (1978-1981); Visiting Professor at the University of Reims (1987); University of Tokyo (1997, 2007); Int. School Med Sci, Panama (2014). Research: virus-induced chronic disorders (diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, myocarditis and chronic cardiomyopathy, post-polio syndrome); endocrine changes in COVID-19; virus-induced autoimmunity. Funding: Italian Ministry of Health; JDRF (USA); Univ Miami (USA); Post-Polio Health International (St. Louis, USA); European Polio Union (Belgium); University of Tokyo (Japan); RIKEN Institute (Japan) and Norwegian Res Council (Norway). Member: Am Soc Microbiol (ASM); Asia-Pacific Soc Med Virol (APSV); NIH Alumni Ass (Bethesda, MD); Global Virus Network (GVN); Centro Beniamino Segre, Accademia Lincei (Roma, Italy); VIDIS Int Study group (UK); Diabetes nPOD Org (Miami, FL). Past President, Italian Soc Med Microbiol. Publications in peer-reviewed Journals: over 300; Hirsch-index, 60; H-index, last 5 years, 27.