Hardi EH, Nugroho RA, Saptiani G, Sarinah R, Anggraidini M, Mawardi M. 2018. Identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Clarias batrachus) culture in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 480-488. This research was conducted to isolate, identify, and characterize pathogenic bacteria from feces and water of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Clarias batrachus) culture from two selected locations in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured and isolated on NA, TSA, and BHIA media at 30oC for 24 h. Colonies of the isolated bacteria were characterized morphologically in terms of their shape, chromogenesis, edge, and size. Antibiotic sensitivity test on each bacterial isolate was completed using inhibition zone tests. Commercial antibiotics used in this research were nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, and norfloxacin. Koch’s postulates test was done by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension to tilapia (15 g weight) at 103-109 CFU mL-1 in triplicates to determine the pathogenicity of each bacterium. Overall, there were 37 isolates obtained from different sources and growth media that belonged to 14 species: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (1 isolate), Aerococcus urinae (2 isolates), Aerococcus viridans (1 isolate), Aeromonas hydrophila (1 isolate), Citrobacter freundii (5 isolates), Enterobacter amnigenus (2 isolate), Enterobacter cloacae (4 isolates), Escherichia coli (3 isolates), Listeria sp. (1 isolate), Niseria sp. (4 isolates), Pantoea spp. (1 isolate), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 isolate), Staphylococcus aureus (9 isolates), and Streptococcus iniae (2 isolates). Sixteen of the isolates were grown in BHIA medium, 12 isolates in TSA medium and 9 isolates in NA medium. The highest mortality was found in tilapia injected with Enterobacter sp., Listeria sp. and Streptococcus sp. at a density of 109 CFU mL-1. However, the number of bacteria causing mortality in fish was approximately 104-108 CFU mL-1. All bacteria detected in the tilapia and channel catfish cultures were also known as putative pathogens in human.

Aim: The present study investigated hemocytes profile of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) induced with Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract to protect against Vibrio harveyi infection. Materials and Methods: X. granatum leaves were chopped into small size, air-dried, and extracted with one of the following solvents: Ethanol, distilled water, and seawater, whereas each solvent was given in three different concentrations (750 ppm, 1.000 ppm, and 1.250 ppm, respectively). Extracts were induced to 60 post-larvae shrimp in each treatment (three replicates, 20 shrimp for each) by immersing method and subsequently challenged with V. harveyi. Results: This study demonstrated different effectiveness among solvents used to extract X. granatum leaves, in which distilled water showed the most effective solvent as can be seen from the lowest percentage on anorexia, lethargic, and weakened reflex of shrimp compared with another solvent, positive and negative controls. Pathological symptoms for shrimp induced by X. granatum leaves extract were minimum with the highest survival rate compared with those of positive and negative control. Total hemocyte cells and its cell constituents such as semi-granular, granular, and hyaline cells on treatment group at 1.250 ppm were higher than controls. Conclusion: Leaves extract of X. granatum extract effectively inhibited V. harveyi infection, increased survival rate, and hemocytes cell of the experimental shrimp. Distilled water extract of X. granatum at 1.250 ppm demonstrated the highest protective effect toward V. harveyi infection on P. monodon.

Background: The combination of some plant extracts to prevent and treat bacterial infections is gaining momentum, because of effectiveness against certain bacteria. This study aims to describe the antibacterial and immunostimulant abilities of Boesenbergia pandurata (BP), Solanum ferox (SF) and Zingiber Zerumbet (ZZ) plant extracts to treat and prevent Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Methods: Tilapia (initial weight 15±2 g) were injected intramuscularly (0.1 ml/fish) with a combination of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens at a density of 1×10 5 CFU ml -1 of each bacteria. Treatment trials were performed at day 7 post-injection with each combined extract, while the prevention trial was performed by including the combined extract into the commercial diet for six and seven days prior to injection. Various extract combinations were 60 mg SF extract/kg feed with 40 mg ZZ/kg feed (SF60/ZZ40), SF50/ZZ50, BP90/SF10, and BP50/SF50. Haemato-immunological parameters were performed for four weeks. Results: In prevention trials, tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 showed a significant increase of white and red blood cells. Similarly, significantly increased haematocrit was found in tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 in the treatment trial but not in the prevention trial. In both trials, haemoglobin of tilapia was not affected by any combined extracts but decreased the number of bacteria. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst, lysozyme activity and survival rate of fish fed combined extracts were found significantly higher than controls. The amount of pathogenic bacteria in fish fed combined extracts was lower than the control at week 4 (P<0.05). In both trials The percentage of survival rate and relative percent survival of tilapia fed SF 50/ZZ 50, showed the optimum results compared to the other combinations. Conclusions: The combined extract in feed, especially SF50/ZZ50 has a positive effect on the tilapia's innate immune system of tilapia to treat and prevent bacterial infections.

Simultaneous Administration of Boesenbergia pandurata Extract and Vaccination to Stimulate Immune Response in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The tiger shrimp culture in East Borneo is commonly performed using traditional pond system management. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the application of Boesenbergia pandurata and Solanum ferox extract supplemented as feed additives considering shrimp growth, survival rate, and meat quality culture in a traditional pond. There were three dietary groups that were stocked with 300 shrimp in this study. The shrimp were maintained in a pond, separated with a 3 × 3 m² net. The dietary treatment applied was divided into three types, namely P1, without the extracts; P2, 20 mL kg⁻¹ dietary supplementation; and P3, 30 mL kg⁻¹ dietary supplementation in the diet. The findings revealed that the herb extract influenced the growth rate, feed efficiency, survival rate, and meat quality of the shrimp, mainly the amino and fatty acid contents in the shrimp meat. The 30 mL kg⁻¹ herb extract dose in group 3 showed a higher growth performance and survival rate. In group 3, 98% of the shrimp could survive until the final study period, while 96% of shrimp survived in group 2, and 70% of the shrimp survived in group 1. These findings indicate that the phytoimmune (B. pandurata and S. ferox) extract can be utilized as a feed additive to improve the growth, survival rate, and meat quality of the shrimp.

Saptiani G, Asikin AN, Ardhani F, Hardi EH. 2018. Mangrove plants species from Delta Mahakam, Indonesia with antimicrobial potency. Biodiversitas 19: 516-521. This research was aimed to study biodiversity of mangrove that have potential as an antimicrobial material. The leaves of 4 types of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, and Acanthus ilicifolius were chopped, dried and extracted with 3 types of solvents 80% ethanol, water and seawater. The Antimicrobial used Agar Disc Diffusion (ADD) method, and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Microbes that used for the test were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila and Saprolegnia sp. The ADD test showed ethanol extract of A. marina and A. ilicifolius can inhibit S. aureus with inhibition zone 13.33±0.58 mm. All the extract can inhibit A. hydrophila 13.00±1.00 mm and E. coli 12.67±0.58 mm. Ethanol extract of S. alba can inhibit V. harveyi 12.67±0.58 mm and A. ilicifolius 12.33±0.58 mm against Saprolegnia sp. The best of MIC is ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius, following A. marina, S. alba and R. stylosa.