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Dr. Pao Ter Teo
Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia

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0 Ceramic
0 Green Technology
0 Metallurgy
0 Material Processing
0 Material Engineering

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EAF slag

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Polymers
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Particleboard is not entirely a wood replacement but a particular material with its properties, making it more effective at different times than heavy or solid wood. The world’s biggest concern is environmental problems with formaldehyde as a particulate board binder that can lead to human carcinogenic agents. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of particleboard production was performed using openLCA software. The impact assessment was carried out according to the software’s features. This preliminary investigation aims to analyze the chemical composition of particleboard and identify its environmental impact. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) system was used to track the functional group of aliphatic hydrocarbons, inorganic phosphates, and main aliphatic alcohols found in particleboards made in Malaysia. Based on the FTIR results, aliphatic groups were found in numerous aggravates that the spectroscopic infrared was likely to experience. The most important vibrational modes were C–H, at approximately 3000 cm−1, and –CH deformations around 1460 cm−1 and 1380 cm−1. Eight effect groups demonstrated that 100% of the input and all analyses produced the same relative outcome. The life cycle of a product is determined by pollution of the air, water, and soil. Thus, particleboard has a minimal impact on the environment, except for global warming.

ACS Style

Muhammad Mohd Azman; Sharizal Ahmad Sobri; Mohd Norizan; Mohd Ahmad; Wan Wan Ismail; Kamarul Hambali; Mohd Hairi; Andi Hermawan; Mazlan Mohamed; Pao Teo; Mohammad Taharin; Noorsidi Mat Noor. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Particleboard: Investigation of the Environmental Parameters. Polymers 2021, 13, 2043 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Mohd Azman, Sharizal Ahmad Sobri, Mohd Norizan, Mohd Ahmad, Wan Wan Ismail, Kamarul Hambali, Mohd Hairi, Andi Hermawan, Mazlan Mohamed, Pao Teo, Mohammad Taharin, Noorsidi Mat Noor. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Particleboard: Investigation of the Environmental Parameters. Polymers. 2021; 13 (13):2043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Mohd Azman; Sharizal Ahmad Sobri; Mohd Norizan; Mohd Ahmad; Wan Wan Ismail; Kamarul Hambali; Mohd Hairi; Andi Hermawan; Mazlan Mohamed; Pao Teo; Mohammad Taharin; Noorsidi Mat Noor. 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Particleboard: Investigation of the Environmental Parameters." Polymers 13, no. 13: 2043.

Review
Published: 24 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Utilizing various wastes in ceramic production has been growing worldwide. This work provides an extensive literature review on the utilization of food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents (PFAs) in porous ceramic production. The literature conducted since 2010 indicates that waste-based porous ceramics has versatile properties with excellent performances. Determination of waste material and clay properties as well as processing conditions such as material composition, sintering temperature, and compaction pressure, which influence pore formation in ceramics, has been comprehensively provided. These factors significantly influence the properties of the resulting porous ceramics, including physical, mechanical, and toxicity properties. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes for increased energy saving and green ceramic production can be realized as an economical and practical approach to sustainable waste management, which align well with achieving sustainability in a circular economy and the UNESCO’s Sustainability Development Goals (SDG). Achieving zero food, agricultural, and industrial wastes can eliminate environmental burdens and pave the way for closed-loop production. In overall, the waste-based porous ceramics can pave the way for sustainable environments, expanding the economic sector, particularly alternative building materials.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Afiqah Awang Kechik; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Maryana Mohamad Nor; Mardawani Mohamad; Tse Guan Tan; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Jia Geng Boon; Faisal Budiman; Pao Ter Teo. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents for sustainable porous ceramic production: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 306, 127264 .

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Afiqah Awang Kechik, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Maryana Mohamad Nor, Mardawani Mohamad, Tse Guan Tan, Arlina Ali, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Jia Geng Boon, Faisal Budiman, Pao Ter Teo. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents for sustainable porous ceramic production: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 306 ():127264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Afiqah Awang Kechik; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Maryana Mohamad Nor; Mardawani Mohamad; Tse Guan Tan; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Jia Geng Boon; Faisal Budiman; Pao Ter Teo. 2021. "Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents for sustainable porous ceramic production: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 306, no. : 127264.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021 in Crystals
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This study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary to minimize drawbacks of high iron oxide’s fluxing agent (originated from electric arc furnace, EAF steel slag waste), which led to severe surface defects and high closed porosity issue of the ceramics. Statistical analysis of GFFD including model adequacy checking, analysis of variance (ANOVA), interaction plots, regression model, contour plot and response optimizer were conducted in the study. The responses (final properties of ceramics) investigated were firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density and modulus of rupture (MOR). Meanwhile, the factors employed in experimental parameters were weight percentage (wt.%) of EAF slag added and firing temperature. Upon statistical analysis, GFFD has deduced that wt.% amount of EAF slag added and firing temperatures are proven to significantly influence the final properties of the clay-based ceramic incorporated with EAF slag. The results of conducted statistical analysis were also highly significant and proven valid for the ceramics. Optimized properties (maximum MOR, minimum water absorption and apparent porosity) of the ceramic were attained at 50 wt.% of EAF slag added and firing temperature of 1180 °C.

ACS Style

Pao Teo; Siti Zakaria; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mustaffa Taib; Julie Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Masri. Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste. Crystals 2021, 11, 442 .

AMA Style

Pao Teo, Siti Zakaria, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Anasyida Abu Seman, Mustaffa Taib, Julie Mohamed, Mahani Yusoff, Abdul Yusoff, Mardawani Mohamad, Arlina Ali, Mohamad Masri. Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste. Crystals. 2021; 11 (4):442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Teo; Siti Zakaria; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mustaffa Taib; Julie Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Masri. 2021. "Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste." Crystals 11, no. 4: 442.

Review
Published: 14 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Significant investigative research has been focusing on the development of corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metal alloys. One of the most extensive investigations is the development of green corrosion inhibitors (GCIs). The GCIs from plant extract, which are the most widely investigated due to inexpensive, renewable, biodegradable and foremost aspect, are safe towards both the environment and human being. The performance of GCIs is evaluated by gravimetric analysis, electrochemical tests as well as theory and computational-based studies. A compilation of the inhibition performance calculated from these methods in various conditions is well reported. Plant extracts proved to be a good corrosion inhibitor where the result of inhibition efficiency is over 80%. This high efficiency is related to the high concentration of active constituent known as phytochemicals. In addition, the performance of GCIs also can be elucidated by the determination of inhibitor type and inhibition mechanism. This review broadly summarised the preparation, performance and inhibition mechanism determination of plant extracts as GCIs for ferrous metal alloys. This review concluded that plant extracts as GCIs were of high potential for corrosion protection of ferrous metal alloy; thus, further improvement action are still necessary to achieve the highest inhibition efficiency of approximately 100%.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Mardawani Mohamad; Sarizam Mamat; Sharizal Ahmad Sobri; Arlina Ali; Pao Ter Teo. Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metal alloys: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 304, 127030 .

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Anasyida Abu Seman, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Mardawani Mohamad, Sarizam Mamat, Sharizal Ahmad Sobri, Arlina Ali, Pao Ter Teo. Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metal alloys: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 304 ():127030.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Mardawani Mohamad; Sarizam Mamat; Sharizal Ahmad Sobri; Arlina Ali; Pao Ter Teo. 2021. "Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metal alloys: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 304, no. : 127030.

Review
Published: 09 October 2020 in Metals
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Steel slag is one of the most common waste products from the steelmaking industry. Conventional methods of slag disposal can cause negative impacts on humans and the environment. In this paper, the process of steel and steel slag production, physical and chemical properties, and potential options of slag recycling were reviewed. Since steel is mainly produced through an electric arc furnace (EAF) in Malaysia, most of the recycling options reviewed in this paper focused on EAF slag and the strengths and weaknesses of each recycle option were outlined. Based on the reports from previous studies, it was found that only a portion of EAF slag is recycled into more straightforward, but lower added value applications such as aggregates for the construction industry and filter/absorber for wastewater treatments. On the other hand, higher added value recycling options for EAF slag that are more complicated such as incorporated as raw material for Portland cement and ceramic building materials remain at the laboratory testing stage. The main hurdle preventing EAF slag from being incorporated as a raw material for higher added value industrial applications is its inconsistent chemical composition. The chemical composition of EAF slag can vary based on the scrap metal used for steel production. For this, mineral separation techniques can be introduced to classify the EAF slag base on its physical and chemical compositions. We concluded that future research on recycling EAF slag should focus on separation techniques that diversify the recycling options for EAF slag, thereby increasing the waste product’s recycling rate.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Sarizam Mamat. Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review. Metals 2020, 10, 1347 .

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Anasyida Abu Seman, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, Mahani Yusoff, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Mardawani Mohamad, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Sarizam Mamat. Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review. Metals. 2020; 10 (10):1347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Sarizam Mamat. 2020. "Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review." Metals 10, no. 10: 1347.

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag is one of the most common by-products in the steelmaking industry. Despite various efforts of using this waste, there is yet a clear indication of EAF slag being recycled into commercial ceramic products, and most EAF slag ended up being disposed of through landfilling. Thus, a more thorough assessment is necessary to assure and convince the public regarding the potential benefits of incorporating EAF slag into the production of commercial ceramic products. In this research work, EAF slag was used as raw materials in the production of ceramic tiles. The EAF slag was crushed and ground into micron size powder before wet-mixed and milled with ball clay according to specific body formulations. This mixture was dried, compacted and fired at 1100–1180 °C. The results showed that body formulation of 50 wt% EAF slag–50 wt% ball clay and fired at 1180 °C yield ceramic tiles with most favorable properties with lowest water absorption (0.16%), lowest apparent porosity (0.48%), highest bulk density (2.95 g/cm3), and highest modulus of rupture (92.4 MPa). A sintering mechanism analysis was conducted, and it was found that the EAF slag functions as a fluxing agent to form a glassy phase, while contributed to the formation of anorthite and wollastonite during firing. The presence of these phases enhanced the densification of ceramic tiles. A leaching assessment was conducted on the ceramic tile samples, and the researchers found that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate are within the safety limit regulated by the Department of Environment Malaysia when the tiles are fired at 1180 °C. Through benchmarking with commercially available ceramic tiles and MS ISO13006:2014 Standard, the EAF added ceramic tiles have great potential to be used as heavy-duty floor tiles.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Abu Seman Anasyida; Chun Min Kho; Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. Recycling of Malaysia's EAF steel slag waste as novel fluxing agent in green ceramic tile production: Sintering mechanism and leaching assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 241, 118144 .

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Abu Seman Anasyida, Chun Min Kho, Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. Recycling of Malaysia's EAF steel slag waste as novel fluxing agent in green ceramic tile production: Sintering mechanism and leaching assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 241 ():118144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Abu Seman Anasyida; Chun Min Kho; Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. 2019. "Recycling of Malaysia's EAF steel slag waste as novel fluxing agent in green ceramic tile production: Sintering mechanism and leaching assessment." Journal of Cleaner Production 241, no. : 118144.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2019
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ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Fabrication and characterization of ceramic tile incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag: Effects of slurry’s particle size. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Anasyida Abu Seman, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Fabrication and characterization of ceramic tile incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag: Effects of slurry’s particle size. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. 2019. "Fabrication and characterization of ceramic tile incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag: Effects of slurry’s particle size." , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2017 in PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies
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ACS Style

Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Chi Yang Lim; Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman. Effects of body formulation and firing temperature to properties of ceramic tile incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste. PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Chi Yang Lim, Pao Ter Teo, Anasyida Abu Seman. Effects of body formulation and firing temperature to properties of ceramic tile incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste. PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Chi Yang Lim; Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman. 2017. "Effects of body formulation and firing temperature to properties of ceramic tile incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste." PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Materials Science Forum
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Significant quantity of solid wastes, especially electric arc furnace (EAF) slag is generated by the growing Malaysia’s steel industries. Recycling them offer a more sustainable solution and also added value to the solid wastes. Therefore, in this project, an attempt was made to recycle the EAF slag waste as one of raw materials in ceramic tile. In our preliminary study of assessing the suitability of the slag in ceramic tile, it was found that at fixed firing temperature of 1150°C, increasing of EAF slag added (wt.%) would deteriorate the properties of tile produced. Meanwhile, introduce an additional silica and feldspar led to better properties of the tile. Optimum composition of the ceramic tile was found to be 40 wt.% EAF slag – 30 wt.% – 20 wt.% silica – 10 wt.% feldspar. Hence, this study aims to further improve the properties of the tile by varying EAF slag’s milling time (15 minutes and 30 minutes) and firing temperature (1075°C, 1100°C, 1125°C and 1150°C). Results obtained show that as milling time was increased from 15 minutes to 30 minutes, average particle size, X50 of the slag was reduced from 53 µm to 3 µm. When the particles size of EAF slag added was smaller, the tile had a higher modulus of rupture (MOR), higher bulk density, lower apparent porosity and water absorption. The improved MOR was due to increase in total anorthite and wollastonite crystalline phases (wt.%) in the tile. The MOR was the highest at firing temperature of 1100°C for 3µm EAF slag particle whereas for larger particle size (53µm), the MOR was highest at 1150°C. This suggests possible improvement in reduction of firing temperature when smaller particles are used.

ACS Style

Choon Siong Lim; Pao Ter Teo; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Effects of EAF Slag’s Milling Time and Firing Temperature to EAF Slag Added Ceramic Tile’s Properties. Materials Science Forum 2016, 846, 172 -176.

AMA Style

Choon Siong Lim, Pao Ter Teo, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Effects of EAF Slag’s Milling Time and Firing Temperature to EAF Slag Added Ceramic Tile’s Properties. Materials Science Forum. 2016; 846 ():172-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Choon Siong Lim; Pao Ter Teo; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. 2016. "Effects of EAF Slag’s Milling Time and Firing Temperature to EAF Slag Added Ceramic Tile’s Properties." Materials Science Forum 846, no. : 172-176.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Procedia Chemistry
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This study aims to characterize and investigate properties of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste to ensure its compatibility and suitability in ceramic tile production. Initially, the lump form of EAF slag obtained from Southern Steel Berhad, Penang (one of Malaysia's largest steel makers) was crushed into powder. The slag powder was then characterized in terms of loss of ignition (L.O.I.), chemical composition, leaching behaviour, phase analysis and flow button test. The EAF slag was found to have superior low L.O.I. (0.01 wt.%). In terms of chemical composition, the slag mainly consisted of oxides such as Al2O3, CaO, MgO, SiO2, FeO and Fe3O4, which are similar with typical raw materials (clay, silica and feldspar) for ceramic tile production. CaO based complex oxides such as larnite (2CaO.SiO2) and gehlenite (Al2O3.2CaO.SiO2) were the major mineral phases in the slag while wustite (FeO) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were present as the minor phases. From flow button test, it was observed that the EAF slag began to fuse at 1250 °C. Leaching test revealed that concentrations of the heavy metals leached from the EAF slag in both tap water and rain water conditions were lower than the limit regulated by Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia. Thus, the slag could be considered as non-hazardous and it is safe to be utilized as one of the raw materials for ceramic tile production. Future studies will focus on body formulation and properties of the ceramic tile incorporated with the EAF steel slag waste.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman; Projjal Basu; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Characterization of EAF Steel Slag Waste: The Potential Green Resource for Ceramic Tile Production. Procedia Chemistry 2016, 19, 842 -846.

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Anasyida Abu Seman, Projjal Basu, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Characterization of EAF Steel Slag Waste: The Potential Green Resource for Ceramic Tile Production. Procedia Chemistry. 2016; 19 ():842-846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman; Projjal Basu; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. 2016. "Characterization of EAF Steel Slag Waste: The Potential Green Resource for Ceramic Tile Production." Procedia Chemistry 19, no. : 842-846.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Materials Science Forum
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This study aims to characterize and investigate properties of EAF slag waste obtained from Southern Steel Berhad, Penang (one of Malaysia’s largest steel makers), prior to its recycling into valuable products. Before characterization, lump form of the EAF slag was crushed into micron size powder. The properties investigated were loss of ignition (L.O.I.), chemical composition, leaching behavior, thermal properties and mineral phases present. Through XRF characterization, the chemical composition of the EAF slag was obtained. The slag was found to have extremely low L.O.I. (0.01 wt.%). Leaching test proved the slag is non-hazardous and safe to be handled. Meanwhile, thermal analysis (TGA) revealed the EAF slag is thermally stable and unlikely to decompose upon heating. Phase identification and quantification were performed by applying Rietveld refinement method. The EAF slag consisted of gehlenite (Al2O3.2CaO.SiO2 – 45.3 wt.%), larnite (2CaO.SiO2 – 21.0 wt.%), hematite (Fe2O3 – 13.4 wt.%) and wustite (FeO – 20.3 wt.%) mineral phases. The XRD profile fitted well with agreement indices of the refinement (Rwp: 6.658 and GOF: 2.588). The properties investigated in this study are expected to shed lights in evaluating the potential recycling of the EAF slag into various valuable products such as aggregate, brick, ceramic tile and cementing material.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman; Projjal Basu; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Chemical, Thermal and Phase Analysis of Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag Waste. Materials Science Forum 2016, 840, 399 -403.

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Anasyida Abu Seman, Projjal Basu, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Chemical, Thermal and Phase Analysis of Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag Waste. Materials Science Forum. 2016; 840 ():399-403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Anasyida Abu Seman; Projjal Basu; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. 2016. "Chemical, Thermal and Phase Analysis of Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag Waste." Materials Science Forum 840, no. : 399-403.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Waste Management
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Recently, various solid wastes from industry such as glass waste, fly ash, sewage sludge and slag have been recycled into various value-added products such as ceramic tile. The conventional solutions of dumping the wastes in landfills or incineration, including in Malaysia are getting obsolete as the annual huge amount of the solid wastes would boost-up disposal cost and may cause permanent damage to the flora and fauna. This recent waste recycling approach is much better and greener as it can resolve problems associated with over-limit storage of industrial wastes and reduce exploration of natural resources for ceramic tile to continuously sustain the nature. Therefore, in this project, an attempt was made to recycle electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste, obtained from Malaysia's steel making industry, into ceramic tile via conventional powder compaction method. The research work was divided into two stages. The first stage was to evaluate the suitability of EAF slag in ceramic tile by varying weight percentage of EAF slag (40 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 60 wt.%) and ball clay (40 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 60 wt.%), with no addition of silica and potash feldspar. In the second stage, the weight percentage of EAF slag was fixed at 40 wt.% and the percentage of ball clay (30 wt.% and 40 wt.%), feldspar (10 wt.% and 20 wt.%) and silica (10 wt.% and 20 wt.%) added was varied accordingly. Results obtained show that as weight percentage of EAF slag increased up to 60 wt.%, the percentage of apparent porosity and water absorption also rose, with a reduction in tile flexural strength and increased porosity. On the other hand, limiting the weight percentage of EAF slag to 40 wt.% while increasing the weight percentage of ball clay led to a higher total percentage of anorthite and wollastonite minerals, resulting in higher flexural strength. It was found that introduction of silica and feldspar further improved the flexural strength due to optimization of densification process. The highest flexural strength, lowest apparent porosity and water absorption of EAF slag based tile was attained at the composition of 40 wt.% EAF slag--30 wt.% ball clay--10 wt.% feldspar--20 wt.% silica. The properties of ceramic tile made with EAF slag waste (up to 40 wt.%), especially flexural strength are comparable to those of commercial ceramic tile and are, therefore, suitable as high flexural strength and heavy-duty green ceramic floor tile. Continuous development is currently underway to improve the properties of tile so that this recycling approach could be one of the potential effective, efficient and sustainable solutions in sustaining our nature.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Abu Seman Anasyida; Projjal Basu; Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. Recycling of Malaysia’s electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste into heavy-duty green ceramic tile. Waste Management 2014, 34, 2697 -2708.

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Abu Seman Anasyida, Projjal Basu, Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. Recycling of Malaysia’s electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste into heavy-duty green ceramic tile. Waste Management. 2014; 34 (12):2697-2708.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Abu Seman Anasyida; Projjal Basu; Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. 2014. "Recycling of Malaysia’s electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste into heavy-duty green ceramic tile." Waste Management 34, no. 12: 2697-2708.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2014 in Advanced Materials Research
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The increasing production of steel leads to an increment of solid wastes generated especially Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag. This becomes a serious concern as the slag has to be disposed in a proper manner in order to avoid dumping in landfills which will eventually occupy available land and may cause permanent damage to the flora and fauna. In this project, an attempt was made to utilize the EAF slag as one of the raw materials in ceramic tiles. Results obtained showed that as percentage of EAF slag added was increased up to 60%, percentage of apparent porosity and water absorption were found to increase, accompanied by reduction in flexural strength due to more severe porosity was observed in the tiles. On the other hand, reducing the percentage of EAF slag up to 40% while increasing percentage of ball clay added led to formation of higher total percentage of anortite and wollastonite minerals. This would contribute to higher flexural strength of tiles. In addition, by adding silica and feldspar, the flexural strength of tile produced was further improved due to optimization of densification process. Highest flexural strength of EAF slag based tiles was attained at composition of 40% EAF slag 30% ball clay 10% feldspar 20% silica. It was observed that properties of ceramic tiles added with EAF slag, especially flexural strength are comparable with commercial ceramic tiles. Therefore, the EAF slag ceramic tiles have great potential to be made into high flexural strength or wear resistant floor tiles.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Abu Seman Anasyida; Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. Characterization of Ceramic Tiles Added with EAF Slag Waste. Advanced Materials Research 2014, 1024, 211 -214.

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Abu Seman Anasyida, Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. Characterization of Ceramic Tiles Added with EAF Slag Waste. Advanced Materials Research. 2014; 1024 ():211-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Abu Seman Anasyida; Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal. 2014. "Characterization of Ceramic Tiles Added with EAF Slag Waste." Advanced Materials Research 1024, no. : 211-214.